Health Sciences Law and Education
Shahriar Eslamitabar
Abstract
Background and Objective: This study builds on the benefits of national and international experiences and their evolution as a new academic discipline. The right to health is one of the aspects of human rights, the realization of which is essential for the realization of other human rights and is inextricably ...
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Background and Objective: This study builds on the benefits of national and international experiences and their evolution as a new academic discipline. The right to health is one of the aspects of human rights, the realization of which is essential for the realization of other human rights and is inextricably linked to the right to life. Given the complexity and development of the relationship between health and rights at the national and international levels, it is necessary to have an overview of this old branch of law, which is today a new academic discipline. Health rights can be examined from different perspectives: bioethics, public health rights, and health care rights. The first is related to ethics, and the second and third are legal approaches to the subject. The right of individuals to determine their own destiny and the right to health are the main issues in these legal approaches.Findings: This study was prepared by reviewing books, collections of articles, laws and regulations related to the legal system of policy-making, management, and supervision in the health system, Right to Health, Public Health Law, Healthcare Law, and Bioethics.Conclusion: The ultimate goal of health rights is to ensure access to all elements of the right to health, including the rights of individuals and populations, especially vulnerable populations. Their legal responsibility is generally at the center of attention in health rights. According to national and international laws, government institutions have a legal responsibility to provide health care, protect health and promote it. These matters include issues related to health care rights, including privacy and confidentiality, legal liability of health care professionals, fraud and financial abuse, as well as food and drug rights, environmental rights, mental health rights and the health rights of vulnerable populations.
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
Shahriar eslamitabar
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 1-16
Abstract
Background and Objective: Goods and services represent the two primary outputs of industry and economy, and ensuring their quality, safety and efficiency requires monitoring the production and supply processes. Given the critical importance of the health sector, this monitoring must be carried out accurately ...
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Background and Objective: Goods and services represent the two primary outputs of industry and economy, and ensuring their quality, safety and efficiency requires monitoring the production and supply processes. Given the critical importance of the health sector, this monitoring must be carried out accurately and in accordance with scientific standards; not only is an organizational duty, but also is a sovereign responsibility that would be applied by the governments as the custodians of public health.Methods: First, the literature of the article was reviewed using e-books, and articles, then the qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and a practical model was presented.Results: Oversight of health services occurs in two general forms: 1- Supervision of service provider centers; 2- Supervision of specialists. Supervision of health products and goods is conducted by regulatory affairs specialists within each manufacturing company. The main regulatory body is the Food and Drug Administration of each country. The oversight and control utilize special tools such as providing guidelines and instructions, conducting inspections and enforcing regulations.Conclusion: Supervision should be done continuously in order to ensure the quality and safety of health goods and products. The services and goods possess fundamentally distinct natures. Firstly, services are not tangible to be fully observable and secondly, they are usually produced and delivered at the same time. Aboate the goods, monitoring is done continuously before and after entering the market by skilled experts, in order to prevent the entry of counterfeit and substandard products into the consumer market.
Health Sciences Law and Education
Naser Ostad; Arash Abdi; Yaser Zandishafag
Abstract
Background and Objective: The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronic communications has led to significant changes in scientific, practical, and applied fields, including educational and medical services. Smart medical universities and smart hospitals are considered to be one ...
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Background and Objective: The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronic communications has led to significant changes in scientific, practical, and applied fields, including educational and medical services. Smart medical universities and smart hospitals are considered to be one of these important advancements. Each of these new ideas has its own advantages and disadvantages.Methods: First, the literature of the article was reviewed using books, printed and online articles, then qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and an applied theory entitled “digital-human integration in the health system” was presented.Findings: Reduced educational costs, elimination of the need for physical training location, the possibility of using multimedia tools, flexibility in time and method of education, facilitated storage of materials, reducing travel time and costs, and accelerating interactive processes are among the benefits of virtual education. Improved access to services, better selection of centers and doctors, ease of hospitalization and services utilization, remote monitoring of patient status, and better support and assistance for service users are also considered benefits of virtual hospitals.Conclusion: Due to the complexity and sensitivity of some concepts and the hands-on nature of some medical science courses, it is not possible to provide education in this field only through virtual means. Therefore, blended learning, consisting of in-person and virtual classes, is recommended. In the field of medical sciences, which is a human-centered discipline with an emphasis on the interaction between doctors and paramedics and patients, it is better not to be limited to a virtual relationship that reinforces a sense of isolation.
Religious and Spiritual Rights in Health
Asghar Arabian; Mohammadreza Alipour; Maryam Haidari
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 17-30
Abstract
Background and Objective: Health is known as one of the main pillars of development and one of human rights. Therefore, governments are obliged to realize the right to health of their citizens. Judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms sieve as important avenves for individual to pursue this right, and ...
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Background and Objective: Health is known as one of the main pillars of development and one of human rights. Therefore, governments are obliged to realize the right to health of their citizens. Judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms sieve as important avenves for individual to pursue this right, and their incorporation into legal framework is essential. The involvement of experts in health and criminal sciences.Methods: With scientific methods, the analysis and recognition of the right to health in national and international law has been done and provide practical solutions to help improve the monitoring and handling of the violation of the right to health in Iran.Results: Based on international documents, all the governments are committed to the health rights of their citizens. Therefore, the governments put cases of violations of this right under judicial review at two levels: Violation of the right to health by 1- Healthcare professionals, 2- The government; Therefore, both of them are responsibl.Conclusion: Success in judicial and quasi-judicial processes depends on the implementation of international obligations related to the right to health by governments. The right to health should be the first priority of the laws of the countries; And among other things, it should be accurately and clearly considered in the constitution, and it should be linked with the more fundamental right to life. However, achiving this right presents significant challenges, such as broad scope of health rights, the need for clear definitions of their limits, insufficient expertise among profesionals involved, inadequate judicial evaluations, and funding limitations.
Mental Health Law and Behavioral Sciences
Roza Haghgoo; Sima Rasouli
Abstract
Background and Objective: Professionals from various medical and allied health professions have a special place in society in terms of trust-building. In order to maintain trust and proper communication with patients, these professionals are committed to the highest standards of sincerity, which are ...
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Background and Objective: Professionals from various medical and allied health professions have a special place in society in terms of trust-building. In order to maintain trust and proper communication with patients, these professionals are committed to the highest standards of sincerity, which are in fact the foundation of a successful relationship between these professionals and patients, gaining their trust and maintaining their peace of mind.Methods: In this regard, two questionnaires were completed by dentists and patients. Ultimately, the data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics.Findings: In this study, conducted with the participation of 39 dentists and 260 patients and using questionnaires and SPSS 19 software, the level of patients' trust in dentists and the level of communication skills applied by dentists were assessed. The result showed that many patients trusted the medical advice of their dentists and did not seek second opinions. At the same time, most patients were confident in the confidentiality of their personal medical information.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the communication skills of dentists at Shahid Mohammad Montazeri Clinic, in both verbal and non-verbal dimensions, were considered acceptable by patients. What is clear is that in order to create trust and peace of mind in patients, developing the verbal and non-verbal dimension in relation to health professionals and patients will lead to increased and enhanced service quality and patient satisfaction.
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
Shahriar eslamitabar
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 31-41
Abstract
Background: good governance includes decision-making and implementation of important decisions, which are used in order to improve the efficiency of systems and different areas while promoting human rights. The elements and framework of governance have been seriously pursued by international institutions ...
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Background: good governance includes decision-making and implementation of important decisions, which are used in order to improve the efficiency of systems and different areas while promoting human rights. The elements and framework of governance have been seriously pursued by international institutions as a development tool in various fields, including health, in recent decades. Good governance can be achieved by emphasizing and paying attention to the principles of transparency, accountability, accountability, rule of law, participation, justice, efficiency and productivity, continuity and stability, frost and information and ethics. The principles of this governance, especially transparency, if implemented well, will also reduce administrative corruption. In the field of health, good governance improves the performance of the health system and, as a result, maintains and further improves the health of the society.Conclusion: With the movement towards globalization, the necessity of a single standards of good governance all over the world in order to strengthen the responsibility of governments is felt more and more. This standard is aimed at improving productivity with the secondary goals of fighting corruption, clarifying and realizing a healthy administrative system in the health sector. However, due to cultural and religious reasons, the realization of this world-inclusive standard in political and civil matters always faces serious resistance.
The right to health and bioethics
Ansieh Zarenejad; Fatemeh Anvar; Maryam Haji
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: In this article, the impact of sanctions on Iran and other countries is compared and solutions are suggested to reduce the negative effects of sanctions on Iran's economy and health. Also, the best model for dealing with sanctions for Iran's health system was presented.Results: The imposed sanctions are purely economic and based on putting pressure on the governments, but what happened in reality is the violation of the principles of human rights in the countries under sanctions. The severity of these anti-human rights effects is closely related, especially with the duration of sanctions, as well as with the economic foundation of the target country.Conclusion: Iran is not the first country to be sanctioned; Therefore, the adverse effects of sanctions on the people of this country were predictable by the Security Council and the countries that imposed the sanctions. In the future, before applying any economic sanctions, the international community must take effective measures to protect the human rights of the people of the target country. Also, use any political and legal means to prevent the violation of the rights of these people by other countries or international organizations.
Economic Law and, Financial Health
Seyyed Babak Mozafari; Mahdi Saeedian; Shirin Khalili
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 43-55
Abstract
Background and Objective: Considering the complexity and development of the relationship between health care professionals and patients on the internet at the national and international levels, it is necessary for us to know of this new technology.Methods: This article has been written using the books ...
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Background and Objective: Considering the complexity and development of the relationship between health care professionals and patients on the internet at the national and international levels, it is necessary for us to know of this new technology.Methods: This article has been written using the books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory way.Results: The ever-increasing growth of the communication, telecommunication and informatics industries confronts the world with a new revolution every day. The revolution of information and communication technology has left a significant impact on all economic, social, political and security sectors of the countries. With the development of this technology in the medical sector, we are looking for a huge transformation in the system of providing health and medical services, and one of the most important areas of application of information technology is the field of health and treatment.Conclusion: Electronic health refers to the use of the internet and other technologies in the health care industry. Electronic health is a combination of informatics, health and business disciplines and refers to health information and services that are provided through the Internet and digital technologies. In this system, healthcare service providers and patients are not in face-to-face contact, and the communication between them is done by electronic devices, for example by computer.
Law and Forensic Medicine
Abdul Hassan Kazemi; Ali Eslamifar; Mohsen Saberi Isfeedvajani
Abstract
Background and Objective: One of the stages of approval a drug or treatment method as a standard product or method in legal centers is clinical trial involving human samples. Since the efficacy of the tested drugs and treatments have not been proven yet, individual participating in these trials face ...
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Background and Objective: One of the stages of approval a drug or treatment method as a standard product or method in legal centers is clinical trial involving human samples. Since the efficacy of the tested drugs and treatments have not been proven yet, individual participating in these trials face inherent risks. therefore, ethics and law demand the protection for these people and the prevention of risks and the compensation for damages resulting from adverse events.Methods: In this article, the ethical and legal issues of therapeutic and non-therapeutic clinical trials are investigated and the model of the best method for conducting clinical trials from an ethical perspective is presented.Results: Biomedical researches are conducted in different methods and clinical trials on human samples face the most ethical and legal issues and challenges. Among the most important challenges are unacceptable risks to the participants, obtaining informed consent, especially for individuals without mental capacity and children, negligence and negligence of researchers and compensation for possible damages to the participants.Conclusion: By modeling to the regulations related to clinical trials on human samples in EU member countries, including England, not only the right to freedom and individual independence of humans is respected; Rather, the lives and health of the participants are also safegaurded. This dual focus is also emphasized in Islamic jurisprudence. The legal issues of the use of specific populations such as prisoners, children, patients and cognitively impaired adults has not escaped the attention of legislators in leading countries.
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
mehdi sanei; salar shahbazi; Najibeh Mirani
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 57-66
Abstract
Background and purpose: Considering the advantages of biological weapons, such as cheap production, easier use, high efficiency, very high emission power, dual purpose use and the ability to hide the idea of illegal activity, we see a significant increase in the production, development and possibility ...
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Background and purpose: Considering the advantages of biological weapons, such as cheap production, easier use, high efficiency, very high emission power, dual purpose use and the ability to hide the idea of illegal activity, we see a significant increase in the production, development and possibility of using these deadly weapons. Therefore, it is necessary to deal seriously with the phenomenon of bioterrorism, especially through legislative measures.Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles in a descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: "Bioterrorism" means: the deliberate release or release of viruses, bacteria and other pathogenic agents, with the intention of causing disease or death among human, animal and plant populations.Since bioterrorism is considered a global threat, important international treaties such as the Geneva Protocol and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development of Biological Weapons have been signed by most of the governments, but the problems and deficiencies in the text of these treaties and the lack of necessary enforcement guarantees cause It has provided for repeated violations of the provisions of these treaties. The implementation problems related to the way of inspections and the biased and discriminatory approach of some countries have also become the reason for the fact that today more than in the past, we are witnessing deadly bioterrorist attacks in every corner of the world.Conclusion: Currently, countries such as the United States, which are highly exposed to bioterrorism attacks, have developed and passed national laws to deal with the sinister phenomenon of bioterrorism, and this is while the Islamic Republic of Iran only The microbial comprehensive plan, which is a general plan, is enough and has not taken any urgent action to protect public health from the scourge of this ominous phenomenon.
Food and Agricultural Industry Law
Rahim RahbarNouhi; Mohammad Reza Dehghani
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 67-85
Abstract
Background and Objective: Marinol is actually the first cannabinoid drug approved by the US FDA in 1985. The approved use of this drug in reducing the side effects caused by chemotherapy of cancer patients such as anorexia, nausea, pain and vomiting, as well as its use in the treatment of weight loss ...
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Background and Objective: Marinol is actually the first cannabinoid drug approved by the US FDA in 1985. The approved use of this drug in reducing the side effects caused by chemotherapy of cancer patients such as anorexia, nausea, pain and vomiting, as well as its use in the treatment of weight loss in AIDS patients has also been approved in 1992.Methods: In this article, while referring to a summary of the history of medicinal cannabis, we review Marinol. Also, investigation and understanding of how herbal cannabinoids helps the endocannabinoid system, which is responsible for the health balance (Homeostasis) of the body, has been taken into consideration. In this work, the necessary operations have been carried out, from seed germination to the preparation of medicine (vegetable Marinol) and the preparation of capsules. Monitoring and analysis of cannabinoids was done by a gas chromatography device connected to a mass spectrometer (GC/Mass Spectroscopy).Results: The efficiency of the resin in the flower was 38%, which was obtained at the optimum point of 97.5% of THC and 2.5% of cannabinoids, and the main part was cannabinol, and thus the percentage of the effective substance in the plant was 37.05%. After dissolving the solvent at room temperature, we will dissolve the obtained resin in sesame oil and in this way, we will be able to encapsulate different doses of vegetable Marinol.Conclusion: The idea of using plant Marinol (cannabis flower extract (resin)) with high THC in pure sesame oil instead of synthetic dronabinol (chemical cannabinol) can be derived from less side effects, higher therapeutic effect, less persistence in the body and cheaper price. It is related to the chemical type of this drug.
Healthcare Law
Bahram Mofid; Mehdi Dostdary; Abbas Karimi Mojarad
Abstract
Background and Objective: Industrial living conditions, the increase in the elderly population, and the occurrence of chronic and incurable diseases have led patients to use complementary and alternative medicine drugs and methods, including biofield-based or aura-based methods. These methods do not ...
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Background and Objective: Industrial living conditions, the increase in the elderly population, and the occurrence of chronic and incurable diseases have led patients to use complementary and alternative medicine drugs and methods, including biofield-based or aura-based methods. These methods do not have the risks and side effects of chemical drugs and the high cost of common modern medical treatments. In order to be used optimally, this ancient medicine requires legal control and supervision to prevent financial exploitation and fraud, as well as negligence of therapists.Methods: Regulatory methods and laws for complementary and alternative medicine in the world were reviewed, and the best regulatory methods and laws for complementary medicine in Iran were presented. Findings: The sanctions imposed are purely economic and based on putting pressure on governments, but what has actually happened is the violation of human rights principles in the countries under sanctions. The severity of these anti-human rights effects is closely related, especially to the continuation of the sanctions, as well as to the economic strength of the target country.Conclusion: Iran is not the first country to be sanctioned; therefore, the adverse consequences of sanctions on the people of this country were foreseeable by the Security Council and the countries that imposed the sanctions. In the future, before imposing any economic sanctions, the international community should take effective measures to protect the human rights of the people of the target country and use every political and legal means to prevent violations of these rights by other countries or international organizations. What is certain is that sanctions are implemented to prevent countries from violating laws. Of course, some sanctions are implemented under false pretenses and to create dependence and submission of governments. But certainly, every sanction requires laws so that human rights, and especially the health of the society under sanctions, are not violated. Therefore, international organizations in this field must act independently in this regard, and government institutions must take appropriate measures to implement laws protecting human rights and remove sanctions from this issue.
New Technologies Health and Law
Shahriar eslamitabar; MAHDI SAEIDIAN
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 87-105
Abstract
Context and Purpose: France is known as the cradle of law and law. French e-Health in the field of health care have been compiled and approved based on the pillars and elements of the right to health introduced by the main international institutions of human rights and the World Health Organization and ...
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Context and Purpose: France is known as the cradle of law and law. French e-Health in the field of health care have been compiled and approved based on the pillars and elements of the right to health introduced by the main international institutions of human rights and the World Health Organization and according to the conditions and possibilities of the day. This field of new French laws with emphasis on electronic health can be a good model for the Islamic Republic of Iran in developing the aforementioned laws and regulations.Research Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: The basics of health care law in of France, like any other country, include; The legal control of health care professionals is informed consent to treatment, negligence, error and confidentiality of personal information, which, although it has many similarities with the general trend of the world, is unique in its own way. The role of French public health law is also important in this regard. On the other hand, due to the fact that the right to independence and individual freedom is highly respected in France, an implicit or explicit contract between the mentioned specialists and the patient referred to them, in the form of civil rights and contract laws of France, is carefully considered. The legislator's attention has been drawn. From the beginning, these contracts will be accompanied by legal liability related to negligence and possible negligence.Conclusion: Due to the close cooperation of European countries in the form of the European Parliament, important legal issues have been raised and resolved in the form of French and European Union laws and regulations in medicine and health care, including; Confidentiality of electronic health files, considering the nature of these types of files and the possible access of various people to it, the area of authorized activity of specialists and the issuance of licenses, the jurisdiction dealing with possible violations, liability for negligence and errors and technical defects of telemedicine equipment. is, which has been legislated in all subjects according to the needs and conditions of the day.
Sociology and Political Science in Health Law
Abbas Vosoogh-Moghaddam; Seyed Sahand Eisapoor; Hassan Kakui
Abstract
Background and Objective: In order to pursue international policies related to the realization of the four dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, states have three obligations: the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect, and the obligation to implement. Also, states ...
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Background and Objective: In order to pursue international policies related to the realization of the four dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, states have three obligations: the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect, and the obligation to implement. Also, states are required to take measures, one of which is to assess the extent to which different dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, are realized.Methods: This article was prepared using documents and memoranda of understanding and information from the National Institute of Health Research, books, and scientific articles. Then, efficient methods of policy-making and management of the right to health were presented using an analytical and comparative method.Findings: In general, evaluation indicators are divided into two main types: general and specific indicators. Also, each indicator must have the characteristics of transparency, accuracy, comprehensiveness, validity, and relevance to the subject under evaluation.Conclusion: There are serious concerns regarding the assessment of quality indicators, data collection, harmonization of information from different sources and their integration, as well as the lack of information, due to the overlap and interference of the indicators presented in some areas related to the assessment of the right to health. Also, the national health indicators that have been used in the Islamic Republic of Iran appear to have some flaws. Therefore, by comparing domestic and international indicators, a composite index that links different dimensions and approaches can be achieved.
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic System Law
Abbas Kebriaeezadeh; Vahideh Montazeri; Roya Ayazi-Nasrabadi
Abstract
Background and Objective: According to the principles of the right to health, easy and timely access to quality medicines is one of the fundamental and essential rights of all human beings. Therefore, these medicines should be made available to people in need at the right time and in sufficient quantities.Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: According to the principles of the right to health, easy and timely access to quality medicines is one of the fundamental and essential rights of all human beings. Therefore, these medicines should be made available to people in need at the right time and in sufficient quantities.Methods: This article was prepared using the documents and criteria available in the Food and Drug Organization of Iran and the World Health Organization (WHO), and it was expressed analytically by comparing and contrasting them.Findings: From the perspective of the World Health Organization, access to essential medicines as a minimum right is considered one of the core indicators of the right to health. This issue has been considered by some countries, especially poor and less developed countries, based on its affordability. Due to the vital importance of these medicines, the World Health Organization publishes a list of essential medicines every year, taking into account the minimum needs, on a biennial basis.Conclusion: Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken substantial measures to meet the pharmaceutical needs of its citizens through legal supervision of drug prices and markets, especially drug imports, and the implementation of the generic plan, no serious work has been done to prepare a list of essential medicines. However, given the progress in this field and the country's relative self-sufficiency, it does not seem necessary to prepare a domestic list in line with the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines. Each country compiles its own independent list of essential medicines based on its production capacity and needs. Accordingly, governments should prepare and supply (produce or import) the list of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization list, climatic conditions, production capacity, and domestic to ensure equitable access to essential drugs is provided to all segments of society.
Economic Law and, Financial Health
seyyed mohammad ali mirbehbehani; morteza meftahi
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 February 2025
Abstract
Background and purpose: Perhaps the most important part of health is medicine. A access to Pharmaceutical Products is considered one of the pillars of human rights. This directly affects the right to health and the right to life. Considering that high-cost and highly effective pharmaceutical products ...
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Background and purpose: Perhaps the most important part of health is medicine. A access to Pharmaceutical Products is considered one of the pillars of human rights. This directly affects the right to health and the right to life. Considering that high-cost and highly effective pharmaceutical products account for a huge share of household expenses, in order to ensure relative justice in access, appropriate price determination and optimal price control methods are required.Research Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: Determining the price ceiling is the first step in controlling the price of pharmaceutical products, which is determined based on considerations such as cost, benefits, risks of using drugs, or market conditions. Sometimes governments do not consider any of these requirements in order to follow the free market policy. According to the nature of drugs, these controls are carried out in three categories: brand, generic and imported drugs, although some drugs may be included in the combined category. Due to the high cost and the importance of innovation, price control of brand products is more important and complicated.Conclusion: Determining the price ceiling and fighting against overselling in order to support production and innovation with the aim of supporting the consumer are necessary as ways to determine and control drug prices. For this purpose, the fight against price gouging regarding imported products is done in support of domestic production. Compulsory licensing is also another good way to control the price of branded pharmaceutical products.
New Technologies Health and Law
seyyed mohammad ali mirbehbehani
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 107-121
Abstract
Background and Aims: One of the main effects of using new information and communication technologies in today's world is the concept of electronic government. The many advantages resulting from the realization of this idea have prompted many governments to take steps to realize the idea of electronic ...
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Background and Aims: One of the main effects of using new information and communication technologies in today's world is the concept of electronic government. The many advantages resulting from the realization of this idea have prompted many governments to take steps to realize the idea of electronic government with large investments in the fields of information and communication technology. In this article, while explaining the background and goals of the formation of the electronic government and its legal infrastructure, we examine the current state of the Iranian government and the legal challenges facing the realization of the electronic government.Material & methods: This article was written using the books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory way.Results: The establishment of e-government will bring many benefits in addition to its problems and obstacles. But the serious adherence of statesmen is one of the main conditions for success in this field. A complete and correct understanding of related fields such as the principles of e-commerce, the existence of a clear strategy to overcome the obstacles to transformation, such as the opposition of unions to obstructionism by competitors, etc., are all considered to be the basis for the emergence of e-government.Conclusion: With a good understanding of today's world, it should be said that we have been surrounded by a complex virtual world for de cades, and the prevailing theory says that every society must inevitably face and coordinate with this global phenomenon, but the main point is to remove the obstacles in The way to realize the electronic government is to provide the necessary legal bases for this purpose
Environmental Law and Occupational Health
Jalil Maleki; Ehsan Lame; Farzad chghamirza; Najibeh Mirani
Abstract
Background and Objective: The environment is essential for the survival of human lif; therefore, it must be protected against any possible pollution, misuse, and overexploitation. The main objective of this article is to examine the framework of the legal system and the status of regulations related ...
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Background and Objective: The environment is essential for the survival of human lif; therefore, it must be protected against any possible pollution, misuse, and overexploitation. The main objective of this article is to examine the framework of the legal system and the status of regulations related to environmental law in the world, emphasizing the measures and requirements of commercial and market activities. In a way that can provide a model for both developing and developed countries that are at the beginning of the process of formulating and implementing such regulations.Methods: This article is based on reviewing international environmental laws and academic literature. A model for better implementation of these laws in Iran has also been presented.Findings: In today's world, environmental protection is considered a very important issue, and in some countries, it is being effectively pursued through the establishment of laws and regulations. The primary sources of legal protection and protection of the environment include international laws and treaties, including constitutional directives, laws approved by the European Union Parliament, regulations of regulatory organizations,and decisions and judicial decisions.Conclusion: The legislator should pursue sustainable development by anticipating and implementing taxes on environmental polluters, refusing to renew orrevoke the licenses of destructive industries, and developing and implementing regulations related to environmental protection responsibility. Also, adopting incentive measures such as exemption from government taxes for individuals and companies that somehow contribute to a clean environment can be effective. In the meantime, environmental insurance is being pursued seriously as a policy choice of the European Union in order to ensure the security of industries that are somehow exposed to the risk of environmental pollution. In addition, environmental protection is one of the vital aspects in the field of health law. In order to achieve health as a primary pillar of human rights, human beings need to live in healthy and clean environmental conditions. Therefore, governments are obliged to fulfill their duty to society by formulating laws related to the environment and protecting it.
Environmental Law and Occupational Health
Ali Darvishi Boloorani; Yaser Zandi Shafagh
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 123-139
Abstract
Background and Objective: The entanglement and link between the environment and human health is very deep and complex, therefore, increasing awareness and comprehensive investigation is required. Pursuing a preventive approach over a reactive approach can prevent the occurrence of many environmental ...
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Background and Objective: The entanglement and link between the environment and human health is very deep and complex, therefore, increasing awareness and comprehensive investigation is required. Pursuing a preventive approach over a reactive approach can prevent the occurrence of many environmental and health problems, if they occur, reduce the consequences to a minimum.Methods: This article has been prepared in a descriptive-explanatory method, using thee paper and e-books and articles and document.Results: The destructive effects of human activities on the environment and the subsequent feedback of those consequences, especially in the field of health, which has plagued mankind, are known in most cases and even predictions have been made for them. Now it is necessary to determine what works and activities humans should do that not only do not have destructive and bad effects on the environment, but can also reduce the negative effects of the past destructive activities and in the shadow of intractive activities, human health can be provided and preserved as much as possible.Conclusion: In this article, due to maintaining the integrity of the content and achieving the result, only three main factors that have a direct cause and effect relationship between human activities and its impact on the environment are considered in the presented model. However, due to the existential nature of humans and the environment, which are both living and dynamic beings, it is not possible to consider only a linear and direct relationship.
Law and Forensic Medicine
Mohammad Reza Elahimanesh; Javad Alizadeh
Abstract
Background and Objective: Euthanasia is one of the most controversial issues in bioethics and an important topic in health law, which can be studied from its various ethical, legal, and jurisprudential dimensions. Since the teachings and sources of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of the legal ...
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Background and Objective: Euthanasia is one of the most controversial issues in bioethics and an important topic in health law, which can be studied from its various ethical, legal, and jurisprudential dimensions. Since the teachings and sources of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of the legal structure our country, strengthening the jurisprudential aspect can greatly help strengthen the legal and regulatory aspects of this issue. Methods: In this article, the views of some prominent Shiite jurists are expressed, and the interpretation and analysis of euthanasia rulings and laws are examined by reviewing verses, narrations, and international laws.Findings: In Iran, the legal vacuum regarding euthanasia is quite noticeable, and since Shiite jurisprudence forms the foundation of our country's legal structure, it is essential for respected jurists, lawyers, and legislators to engage in further discussion and exchange of views on this issue to pave the way for eliminating this legal vacuum and achieving explicit laws in this regard.Conclusion: The study of euthanasia from the perspective of its mandatory ruling (permissibility or non-permissibility) and its conditional ruling (right of retribution and blood money) is among the topics addressed in this article, which is accompanied by jurisprudential and philosophical justification and interpretation. In addition, the ruling of Article 206 of the Islamic Penal Code has also been carefully examined in this regard. Finally, while presenting the views of Shiite scholars on various aspects of euthanasia, a general conclusion is presented, which is hoped to be a step towards clarifying the issue and explaining jurisprudential rulings and laws, considering current conditions. Euthanasia should be further examined from legal, ethical, and jurisprudential perspectives, and attention should be paid to the human aspect, pain caused by the disease, the costs of patient care, and the right to human freedom, and decisions should be made based on these.
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
Mehdi Moazzami goudarzi; seyed sahand eisapoor
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 141-159
Abstract
Background and Objective: To ensure safety, now a day, cosmetic products as a part of prerequisites for health services has been regulated worldwide. Methods: This study has been designed based on comparison between main regulations within some huge markets of manufacturing and consumption of cosmetics ...
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Background and Objective: To ensure safety, now a day, cosmetic products as a part of prerequisites for health services has been regulated worldwide. Methods: This study has been designed based on comparison between main regulations within some huge markets of manufacturing and consumption of cosmetics around the world. Then the comparison has been analyzed. Results: On the other hand, however the basis of authorities’ systems to regulate cosmetics are fundamentally same and follow some equal scientific lines, by the way there are some Meaningful differences in case of product definition and grouping.Conclusion: Lack of consensus in cosmetic regulation now a day easily affected innovation, research and development and international cosmetic trading. Unity of international procedures in regulation at the same time prepares ensure for products safety and facilitate for progressive innovation, research and development, competition and international trading.
New Technologies Health and Law
Babak Sabet; Mahdi Saidian; Pardis Ghanavati
Abstract
Background and Objective: Today, with the extensive progress of information technology, its role in the health sector has become more important than ever before. However, these applications create new challenges for privacy. As a result, governments are trying to take various measures, including passing ...
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Background and Objective: Today, with the extensive progress of information technology, its role in the health sector has become more important than ever before. However, these applications create new challenges for privacy. As a result, governments are trying to take various measures, including passing criminal legislation, to address these challenges.Methods: In this article, by comparing the criminal requirements of electronic health files in leading countries and Iran, by presenting a strategic model in this regard, suggestions have been made to improve the security and confidentiality of electronic health files.Results: This comparative article examines electronic health records with a particular focuse on confidentiality in Europe, America and Iran from a criminal law perspective. Due a absence of comprehensive law specifically addressing "electronic health" and judicial procedures in Iran, related legislation such as the Islamic Penal Code, the Electronic Commerce Law, the Computer Crimes Law and the laws supporting the comprehensive health information system are addressed.Conclusion: Different countries adopt various approaches to the protection of personal health data. European Union countries on individual rights and freedoms. In contrast, the United States is seeking to implement tougher penalties to is looking for the approval of tougher punishments to deal with such crimes. Iran is working to establish legal protection for privacy and personal information through a ten-year program, utilizing legislative model from leading conteies with comidering Islamic Jurisprudence and cultural contexts. Considering the extensive and rapid growth of the field of electronic health, it is necessary to adopt a specialized legislative approach for this area.
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic System Law
Shahriar eslamitabar
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 February 2025
Abstract
Background and Objective: economic access to medicine and treatment is one of the most important dimensions of the right to health, which is considered one of the goals of national development in addition to international human rights. Achieving this important goal is possible by using correct and specific ...
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Background and Objective: economic access to medicine and treatment is one of the most important dimensions of the right to health, which is considered one of the goals of national development in addition to international human rights. Achieving this important goal is possible by using correct and specific strategies such as pricing and compensation of costs through insurance.Methods: First, the literature of the article was reviewed using e-books, and articles, then the qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and a practical model was presented.Results: Price control is done in two ways, direct and indirect. Determining the price and correcting it, it is the direct type, and compensation of costs through insurance is considered the indirect type. As the first control step, pricing strategies are followed based on two basic principles: 1- Value-based pricing, which is related to drug effects and drug cost, and includes the same requirements. 2- Price Classification based on the type and nature of the drug, including generic, under patent and imported.Conclusion: Since Iran has recently abandoned the Cost Plus method (determining the prices based on a percentage more than the total cost), it is necessary to constantly regulated the prices according to the current conditions, needs and the existence of similar drugs, but This action dose not seems correct in any situation and the necessary considerations regarding single-prescription drugs have not been taken into account. While advanced countries such as France and England include all drugs in the insurance coverage list based on their medicinal nature without special requirements and prerequisites, the budget of countries such as Iran does not allow such a thing.
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic System Law
Abbas Kobariaizadeh; Roya Ayazi-Nasrabadi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 161-174
Abstract
Background and Aims: Nowadays, corruption, especially in public sectors, has become the main concern of governments, and in addition to being a domestic and national issue at the international level, it is also an important goal to deal with it for the benefit of customers or consumers. methods: ...
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Background and Aims: Nowadays, corruption, especially in public sectors, has become the main concern of governments, and in addition to being a domestic and national issue at the international level, it is also an important goal to deal with it for the benefit of customers or consumers. methods: This article was written using Paper and Ebooks and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory way.Results: Effective and efficient governance is the main and integral part for the health of all government departments. Corruption and transparency are two sides of the same coin, so that the increase of one of them causes the decrease of the other. Therefore, governments seek to improve health and fight corruption by resorting to domestic and international legal solutions, including promoting transparency as one of the main criteria of good governance.Conclusion: In order to reduce corruption and improve health in all service and production sectors, transparency should be increased; And for this purpose, while approving the appropriate laws and regulations, it is necessary to carry out legal control and supervision in various forms seriously and continuously. In the fight against fraud and smuggling, common solutions are usually followed, because these two phenomena are related to each other; It means that contraband goods are mostly fake. The use of barcode identification and tracking, continuous inspection, proper regulation before and after entering the market of products and goods are among the most important of these solutions.
New Technologies Health and Law
Mehdi Moazzami Goudarzi
Abstract
Background and Objective: Cosmetovigilance is a recent concept. The term itself has just been indexed. It is a form of health public surveillance with a public health objective; it therefore differs from the surveillance carried out by industrialists, who aim at the safety of the product for commercial ...
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Background and Objective: Cosmetovigilance is a recent concept. The term itself has just been indexed. It is a form of health public surveillance with a public health objective; it therefore differs from the surveillance carried out by industrialists, who aim at the safety of the product for commercial purposes, and differs from peer surveillance whose purpose is medical. Cosmetovigilance concerns cosmetic products. The 2006 European resolution has laid the ground work for a cosmetovigillance system based on case notifications. As of 2013, the new European regulation requires that serious undesirable effects reported to the competent authority should be transmitted to the competent authorities of the other Member States and to the person responsible for the cosmetic product. Two problems are yet to be solved: causality assessment and reporting categories. Methods: This applied research, conducted with an analytical-comparative approach, examines and compares the cosmetovigilance systems in Iran and the European Union from legal and executive perspectives. Data were collected through library and documentary studies and then extracted and compared using qualitative content analysis of key indicators. The temporal scope of the research extends from the implementation of European Regulation 1223/2009 to 2025, and the geographical scope includes Iran and the member states of the European Union.Conlusion: Cosmetovigilance systems are genuine means of obtaining information on the safety of cosmetic products and their ingredients. They can be used by Europe to check that new directives ensure a high level of safety. Cosmetovigilance makes it possible to rule out or control potentially hazardous ingredients and can thus set our minds at ease about the products placed on the market. Until now, there is no act to design and establish local cosmetovigillance system from the side of official authority in IRAN.
