Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Law, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Health Law, Smart University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Criminal Law, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
4 Department of International Law, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background and Objective: The environment is essential for the survival of human lif; therefore, it must be protected against any possible pollution, misuse, and overexploitation. The main objective of this article is to examine the framework of the legal system and the status of regulations related to environmental law in the world, emphasizing the measures and requirements of commercial and market activities. In a way that can provide a model for both developing and developed countries that are at the beginning of the process of formulating and implementing such regulations.
Methods: This article is based on reviewing international environmental laws and academic literature. A model for better implementation of these laws in Iran has also been presented.
Findings: In today's world, environmental protection is considered a very important issue, and in some countries, it is being effectively pursued through the establishment of laws and regulations. The primary sources of legal protection and protection of the environment include international laws and treaties, including constitutional directives, laws approved by the European Union Parliament, regulations of regulatory organizations,and decisions and judicial decisions.
Conclusion: The legislator should pursue sustainable development by anticipating and implementing taxes on environmental polluters, refusing to renew orrevoke the licenses of destructive industries, and developing and implementing regulations related to environmental protection responsibility. Also, adopting incentive measures such as exemption from government taxes for individuals and companies that somehow contribute to a clean environment can be effective. In the meantime, environmental insurance is being pursued seriously as a policy choice of the European Union in order to ensure the security of industries that are somehow exposed to the risk of environmental pollution. In addition, environmental protection is one of the vital aspects in the field of health law. In order to achieve health as a primary pillar of human rights, human beings need to live in healthy and clean environmental conditions. Therefore, governments are obliged to fulfill their duty to society by formulating laws related to the environment and protecting it.
Keywords
- Environmental Protection Responsibility
- Requirements of Commercial and market activities
- taxes on Environmental polluters
- Sustainable Development
Main Subjects
Article Title [Persian]
ابزارهای قانونی و اقتصادی در حفاظت از محیط زیست: تدابیر و استراتژی ها
Authors [Persian]
- جلیل مالکی 1
- احسان لامع 2
- فرزاد چقامیرزا 3
- نجیبه میرانی 4
1 گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 گروه حقوق سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هوشمند، تهران، ایران
3 گروه حقوق جزای اسلامی، دانشگاه آزاد واحد اراک، اراک، ایران
4 گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران
Abstract [Persian]
زمینه و هدف: محیط زیست برای بقای حیات بشر ضروری است، بنابراین، باید از آن در برابر هرگونه آلودگی احتمالی، سوء استفاده و بهره برداری بی رویه محافظت کرد. هدف اصلی این مقاله، بررسی چهارچوب نظام حقوقی و وضعیت مقررات مرتبط با حقوق محیط زیست در جهان با تاکید بر تدابیر و الزامات فعالیت های تجاری و بازار است. به نحوی که می تواند الگویی برای کشورهای در حال توسعه و توسعه یافته که در آغاز راه تدوین و اجرای چنین مقرراتی هستند، فراهم آورد.
روش ها: این مقاله با بررسی قوانین بینالمللی حوزه محیطزیست و مقالات علمی تهیه شده است. همچنین مدلی برای پیاده سازی بهتر این قوانین در ایران ارائه شده است.
یافته ها: در جهان امروز، حفظ محیط زیست به عنوان یک امر بسیار مهم مورد توجه قرار دارد و در بعضی از کشورها این امر از طریق وضع قوانین و مقررات به خوبی پیگیری شده است. منابع اصلی حفظ و صیانت حقوقی از محیط زیست، شامل قوانین و معاهدات بین المللی ازجمله دستورالعمل های قانون اساسی، قوانین مصوب پارلمان اتحادیه اروپا، مقررات سازمان های نظارتی و یا تصمیمات و رای دادگاه ها می باشد.
نتیجه گیری: قانونگذار باید با پیش بینی و اجرای مالیات هایی بر آلوده کنندگان محیط زیست، عدم تمدید و یا ابطال مجوز صنایع مخرب و تدوین و اجرا مقررات مربوط به مسئولیت حفاظت محیط-زیست رسیدن به توسعه پایدار را دنبال کند. همچنین، اتخاذ تدابیر تشویقی نظیر معافیت مالیات های دولتی برای افراد و شرکت هایی که به نوعی به محیط زیست پاک کمک میکنند، می تواند موثر باشد. در این میان، بیمه محیط زیست به عنوان یک سیاست انتخابی اتحادیه اروپا با جدیت دنبال می شود تا امنیت صنایعی که به نحوی با خطر آلودگی محیط زیست روبرو هستند، تضمین شود. بعلاوه حفاظت از محیط زیست یکی از موضوعات مهم حوزه حقوق سلامت می باشد. ابنای بشر برای رسیدن به سلامتی به عنوان یک رکن اولیه از حقوق بشر، نیازمند زندگی در شرایط زیست محیطی سالم و پاک هستند. بنابراین دولتها موظف هستند با تدوین قوانین مربوط با محیط زیست و حفاظت از آن وظیفه خود نسبت به جامعه را ایفا نمایند.
Keywords [Persian]
- مسئولیت حفاظت محیطزیست
- الزامات فعالیتهای تجاری و بازار
- مالیاتهای آلوده-کنندگان محیطزیست
- توسعه پایدار
2. Kuznets S. Economic growth and income inequality. Am Econ Rev. 1955;45(49):1-28.
3. Stern NH. The economics of climate change: the Stern review. cambridge University press; 2007 Jan 4.
4. MacArthur E. Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition. Towards the Circular Economy; Ellen MacArthur Foundation: Cowes, UK. 2013;1.
5. O'riordan T. Environmental science for environmental management. Routledge; 2014 Oct 13.
6. Assesment ME. Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. Phys. Teach. 2005;34(9):534.
7. Loh J. Living planet report 1999. WWF International; 1999.
8. Van Der Eyden T. Public management of society. IOS Press; 2003. p. 229.
9. Secretariat CB. The strategic plan for biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi biodiversity targets. InSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya, Japan. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/X/2 2010 Oct.
10. Guo X, Fu L, Sun X. Can environmental regulations promote greenhouse gas abatement in OECD countries? Command-and-control vs. market-based policies. Sustainability. 2021 Jun 18;13(12):6913.
11. United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6. UNEP.
12. Glasson J, Therivel R. Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge; 2013 Sep 13.
13. OECD. (2016). Extended Producer Responsibility: Updated Guidance for Efficient Waste Management. OECD Publishing.
14. Macaluso N, Tuladhar S, Woollacott J, Mcfarland JR, Creason J, Cole J. The impact of carbon taxation and revenue recycling on US industries. Climate Change Economics. 2018 Feb 20;9(01):1840005.
15. Wang X, Xie Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Does environmental pollution liability insurance affect corporate green innovation? New evidence from China. Environmental Challenges. 2023 Dec 1;13:100788.
16. World Health Organization. Governance: Constitution of the World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/governance/en.202005.
17. Veronica F. The European Community and marine environmental protection in the International Law of the Sea. Brill Academic Publishers; 2007. p. 482. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004156951.i-482
18. Castello LD, Gonzalez D, Alvarez-Dardet Diaz C. The Environmental Millennium. Development Goal: Progress and barriers to its achievement. Environ Sci Policy. 2010;13:154-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.12.001
19. Sbutega-Milosevic G. Urban environments. In: Kirch W, editor. Encyclopedia of Public Health. Berlin: Springer; 2008. p. 1434-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_3653
20. Corvalan CF, Kjellstrom T, Smith KR. Health, environment and sustainable development: Identifying links and indicators to promote action. Epidemiology. 1999;10(5):656-60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199909000-00036
21. Krewski T, Turner M, Boom N, Momoli F. Environmental health: Overview. In: Heggenhougen K, Quah S, editors. Int Encycl Public Health. 2008. p. 361-73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373960-5.00272-0
22. Laws and regulations portal of Iran. Law on the Permanence of Civil Service Management Law, Iran.
23. Szarka J. The shaping of environmental policy in France. Berghahn Books; 2002. p. 110.
24. United Nations. Report of the International Law Commission. Fifty-Sixth session. 2004. p. 187 .
25. Cassotta S. The transposition of the Environmental Liability Directive: the concept of threshold, the scope of application and defenses. Abstract from European Parliament, Public Hearing on the Environmental Liability Directive, distinguished Key Note Speaker, Bruxelles, Belgium. 2017.
26. Economic Commission for Europe. Environmental Performance Reviews. United Nations Publication; 2009. p. 27.
27. OECD. The political economy of environmentally related taxes. OECD Publishing; 2006. p. 26.
28. Truba VI, Bernaziuk OO, Yesimov SS, Zilnyk NM, Tarnavska MI. The legal mechanism for environmental protection in Ukraine. Sci Bull Nat Mining Univ. 2023 Sep;1(5).
29. Melnykova MV, Hradoboyeva YS. Economic methods and legal tools for managing ecological security of the city. Econ Law. 2020 Dec 15;4(59):59-68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2020.04.059.
30. Ewall M. Legal tools for environmental equity vs. environmental justice. Sustain Dev Law Policy. 2013;4(7).
31. Nair PKR, et al. New vistas in agroforestry: A compendium for the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry. 2004. p. 368.
32. Kartsan I, Kartsan P, Matyunina M, Zhukov A, Kolosov A. Economic mechanisms of environmental protection. In: E3S Web of Conf. 2023;420:08008. EDP Sciences.
33. Šverko M, Črnjar M, Grdić ZŠ. Economic instruments in environmental protection. 2006. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18356/0e6e580f-en
34. Parandeh Motlagh A., Poorhashemi A., Shirazian S., Zare A. The Implementation of the International Environmental Law in Iranian Legal System: Opportunities and Challenges. International Studies Journal (ISJ), 2021; 18(1): 121-138. doi: https://doi.org/10.22034/isj.2021.260906.1311
35. Jozi S. A., Jafarpour J. Environment Management. Tehran: Iranian Agricultural Science. 2013.
36. Faryadi M. Institutional challenges of monocentric climate governance in the legal system of Iran. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law. 2023 Dec 31;26(2):143-61.
37. Step A, Step B, Step C, Step D, Step E. Progress of National Adaptation in Europe.2022
38. Houshmand Firoozabadi H. Civil Liability arising from Environmental Damages. Journal of Research and Development in Comparative Law. 2019 Jun 22;2(3):397-424.
39. Gholamian Hosseinabadi S, Ghaznavi Ghasuni A, Mostafavi MS. A Review and Analysis of the Effectiveness of Environmental Criminal Laws in Iran. Green Development Management Studies. 2022 Sep 23;1(2):91-104.
40. OECD. What are the economic and environmental effects of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme? OECD Insights. 2023
41. TaxEs PC. Effective Carbon Rates 2018. 2021.
42. OECD. Tax and the Environment. OECD Policy Issues. 2024.
43. Heine D, Black S. Benefits beyond climate: environmental tax reform. Fiscal policies for development and climate action. 2019;1.
44. Tan Z, Wu Y, Gu Y, Liu T, Wang W, Liu X. An overview on implementation of environmental tax and related economic instruments in typical countries. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022 Jan 1;330:129688.
45. Laborde D, Mamun A, Martin W, Piñeiro V, Vos R. Agricultural subsidies and global greenhouse gas emissions. Nature communications. 2021 May 10;12(1):2601.
46. Heine D, Black S. Benefits beyond climate: environmental tax reform. Fiscal policies for development and climate action. 2019;1.
47. Daley D. Air transport and the environment. Ashgate Publishing; 2010. p. 118.
48. Janic M. The sustainability of air transportation: A quantitative analysis and assessment. Routledge; 2017 Mar 2.
)
