Review Article
Economic Law and, Financial Health
Shahriar eslamitabar
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 1-9
Abstract
Background: This study seeks to utilize both national and international experiences and explores evolution of health law as an emerging academic field. The right to health is one of the components of human rights, the realization of which is considered necessary for the fulfilment of other human rights ...
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Background: This study seeks to utilize both national and international experiences and explores evolution of health law as an emerging academic field. The right to health is one of the components of human rights, the realization of which is considered necessary for the fulfilment of other human rights and intricately linked to the right to life and is also associated with the right social security. Considering the complexity and development of the relationship between health and law at the national and international levels, it is crucial to reassess this long-established area of law, which has developed into a distinct academic discipline. Health rights can be approached from different perspectives: bioethics, public health rights and health care rights. The first is related to ethics, and the second and third are legal approaches. A central theme in these legal approaches is the the right of individuals to shape their own destinies and to archive a state of health. Methods: Prepared by reviewing articles and guidelines related to health law. Conclusion: Health rights are linked to the rights of individual especially those in vulnerable situations, allowing them access to all aspects of health. Therefore, legal responsibility is a significant aspect of health rights. Morevere, national and international laws require government institutions to take on legal responsibilities for providing, protecting and promoting health. These matters include issues of health care rights, including privacy and confidentiality, legal responsibility of health care professionals, fraud and financial abuse, as well as food and drug rights, environmental rights, mental health rights, and the health rights of vulnerable populations.
Original Article
Mental Health Law and Behavioral Sciences
Roza Haghgoo; Sima Rasouli
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 17-30
Abstract
Background and Objective: Heallth care professions have a special place in society in terms of building trust. In order to maintain trust and proper communication with patients, these professions are committed to complying with ethical standards at the highest level, which is actually the basis of a ...
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Background and Objective: Heallth care professions have a special place in society in terms of building trust. In order to maintain trust and proper communication with patients, these professions are committed to complying with ethical standards at the highest level, which is actually the basis of a successful relationship between these professionals and patients, that lead to gain trust and maintaining their peace of mind.Methods: First, two questionnaires were completed by dentists and patients; and then, the data was analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive statistics.Results: This research, which was conducted with the participation of 39 dentists and 260 patients and using questionnaires and special SPSS software to evaluate the level of trust of patients in dentists and the level of communication skills applied by dentists, showed that many patients trusted the recommendations Medicine of dentists and did not look for the second theory. In this cases, most patients were sure of the confidentiality of their personal medical information.Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the communication skills of the dentists of Shahid Mohammad Montazeri Clinic, in both verbal and non-verbal dimensions, are acceptable to the patients.
Original Article
Healthcare Law
arash abdi; Yaser Zandishafag; salar zeynali
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 11-22
Abstract
Background and Objective: The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronic communications has caused huge changes in the scientific, practical and applied fields, including educational and therapeutic services. Smart medical universities and smart hospitals are one of these important ...
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Background and Objective: The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronic communications has caused huge changes in the scientific, practical and applied fields, including educational and therapeutic services. Smart medical universities and smart hospitals are one of these important developments. Each of these new ideas has its own advantages and disadvantages.Methods: First, the literature of the article was reviewed using e-books, and articles, then the qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and an applied theory titled the “Integrated Digital-Human Health” was presented.Results: Reduction of training costs, no need for a training place, the possibility of using multimedia tools, flexibility in the time and method of training, facilitating the storage of materials, reducing the time and cost of travel, and speeding up interactive processes are known among the advantages of virtual training. More access to services, better selection of centers and doctors, ease of hospitalization and use of services, remote control of patient condition and better support of service recipients are considered to be the advantages of virtual hospitals.Conclusion: Due to the difficulty and sensitivity of some concepts and the practicality of some medical courses, it is not possible to teach in this field only through virtual means. Therefore, combined training consisting of face-to-face and virtual classes is recommended. The field of medical sciences, which is a human-oriented field with an emphasis on the relationship between doctors and paramedics and patients, should not be satisfied only with the virtual relationship that strengthens the sense of isolation
Original Article
The right to health and bioethics
Ansieh Zarenejad; Fatemeh Anvar; Maryam Haji
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 37-52
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: In this article, the impact of sanctions on Iran and other countries is compared and solutions are suggested to reduce the negative effects of sanctions on Iran's economy and health. Also, the best model for dealing with sanctions for Iran's health system was presented.Results: The imposed sanctions are purely economic and based on putting pressure on the governments, but what happened in reality is the violation of the principles of human rights in the countries under sanctions. The severity of these anti-human rights effects is closely related, especially with the duration of sanctions, as well as with the economic foundation of the target country.Conclusion: Iran is not the first country to be sanctioned; Therefore, the adverse effects of sanctions on the people of this country were predictable by the Security Council and the countries that imposed the sanctions. In the future, before applying any economic sanctions, the international community must take effective measures to protect the human rights of the people of the target country. Also, use any political and legal means to prevent the violation of the rights of these people by other countries or international organizations.
Original Article
Law and Forensic Medicine
Abdul Hassan Kazemi; Ali Eslamifar; Mohsen Saberi Isfeedvajani
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 53-69
Abstract
Background and Objective: One of the stages of approval a drug or treatment method as a standard product or method in legal centers is clinical trial involving human samples. Since the efficacy of the tested drugs and treatments have not been proven yet, individual participating in these trials face ...
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Background and Objective: One of the stages of approval a drug or treatment method as a standard product or method in legal centers is clinical trial involving human samples. Since the efficacy of the tested drugs and treatments have not been proven yet, individual participating in these trials face inherent risks. therefore, ethics and law demand the protection for these people and the prevention of risks and the compensation for damages resulting from adverse events.Methods: In this article, the ethical and legal issues of therapeutic and non-therapeutic clinical trials are investigated and the model of the best method for conducting clinical trials from an ethical perspective is presented.Results: Biomedical researches are conducted in different methods and clinical trials on human samples face the most ethical and legal issues and challenges. Among the most important challenges are unacceptable risks to the participants, obtaining informed consent, especially for individuals without mental capacity and children, negligence and negligence of researchers and compensation for possible damages to the participants.Conclusion: By modeling to the regulations related to clinical trials on human samples in EU member countries, including England, not only the right to freedom and individual independence of humans is respected; Rather, the lives and health of the participants are also safegaurded. This dual focus is also emphasized in Islamic jurisprudence. The legal issues of the use of specific populations such as prisoners, children, patients and cognitively impaired adults has not escaped the attention of legislators in leading countries.
Short communication
Healthcare Law
Bahram Mofid; Mehdi Dostdary; Abbas Karimi Mojarad
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 71-82
Abstract
Background and Objective: Industrial living conditions, the increase in the population of elderly people and the occurrence of chronic and incurable diseases have caused patients to use drugs and complementary and alternative medicine methods, including methods based on biofield or aura. These methods ...
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Background and Objective: Industrial living conditions, the increase in the population of elderly people and the occurrence of chronic and incurable diseases have caused patients to use drugs and complementary and alternative medicine methods, including methods based on biofield or aura. These methods do not have the risks of side effects of chemical drugs and the high cost of common modern medical treatments. In order to be used optimally, this ancient medicine needs legal control and supervision in order to prevent financial abuse and fraud, as well as the negligence of therapists.Methods: Regulatory methods and laws for complementary and alternative medicine in the world have been reviewed and the best regulatory methods and laws for it in Iran have been presented.Results: Every medical field requires legislation, legal control supervision, and even inspection. In addition to ensuring quality, efficiency, and reducing the risk of using tools and methods, such measures help prevent abuse and fraud. This issue is particularly significant in the field of complementary medicine, where there is a great need for a relationship based on trust between the therapist and the patient.Conclusion: Due to the high risk of financial abuse and fraud, it is necessary to develop and enforce the necessary regulations to address false claims and fraud in the use of complementary and alternative medicine methods. Educational standards should also be carefully applied in this field to prevent the employment of uninformed and unqualified people in this field, because the activity of these people causes damage to people's trust.
Original Article
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
Abbas Vosoogh-Moghaddam; Seyed Sahand Eisapoor; Hassan Kakui
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 83-98
Abstract
Background and Objective: In order to follow international policies related to the realization of the four dimension of human rights, including the right to health, governments have three obligations, commitment to respect, commitment to support, and commitment to implementation. Governments must take ...
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Background and Objective: In order to follow international policies related to the realization of the four dimension of human rights, including the right to health, governments have three obligations, commitment to respect, commitment to support, and commitment to implementation. Governments must take certain action that one of them is to evaluate the extent of realization in various dimensions of human rights, especialy the right to health.Methods: This article has been written using paper and e-books as well as articles employing a descriptive-annotative method.Results: generally, evaluation indicators are divided into two main types: general and specific indicators. In addition, each indicator must possess the characteristics of being transparent, accurate, comprehensive, valid and acceptable, and related to the subject being evaluated.Conclusion: There are serious concerns regarding the evaluation of quality indicators, including the collection of information, alignment of data from different sources and integration of these data. Additionally, the overlap and interference of indicators in som areas related to evaluation of the right to health contribute to lack of information. The national health indicators used in the Islamic Republic of Iran appear to have flaws. By comparing domestic and international indicators, it may be possible to develop a composite index, that integrates links different dimensions and approaches.ش
Original Article
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic System Law
Abbas Kebriaeezadeh; Vahideh Montazeri Najafabadi; Roya Ayazi-Nasrabadi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 99-113
Abstract
Background and Objective: According to the right to health, one of the most basic human rights, all individual have the right to essential medicines. These medicines should be available to those in need at the appropriate time and at a reasonable cost.Methods: This article has been written using both ...
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Background and Objective: According to the right to health, one of the most basic human rights, all individual have the right to essential medicines. These medicines should be available to those in need at the appropriate time and at a reasonable cost.Methods: This article has been written using both printed books and e-books, as well as articles and documents, and employes a comparative-analytical for examination.Results: From the perspective of the World Health Organization, access to essential medicines, regard asfunamental right and key indicator of the right to health. This issue is particulary significant for som countries, especially that are poor and less developed, due to concern about affordability. Because of the vital importance of these medicine, the World Health Organization publishes a list of essential medicine every two years, according to based on minimum needs.Conclusion: Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken serious measures to address the pharmaceutical needs of its citizens by regulating price and the drug market, especially through the import of drugs and the implementation of the generic plan, serious work has not been done regarding the preparation of the list of essential medicines. However, considering the rejection of this need and reaching the relative self-sufficiency in the country, through the comprehensive generic plan, adjusting the internal list according to the World Health Organization’s list does not seem necessary. Each country has its own independent list of essential medicines based on its production capacity and needs.
Original Article
Environmental Law and Occupational Health
Jalil Maleki; Ehsan Lame; Farzad chghamirza; Najibeh Mirani
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 115-129
Abstract
Background and Objective: Preserving the enviroment is essential for human life, and this required preventing pollution, misuse and exploitation. The purpose of this article is to review the framework of the legal system and the status of the statuse of global regulations related to environmental rights, ...
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Background and Objective: Preserving the enviroment is essential for human life, and this required preventing pollution, misuse and exploitation. The purpose of this article is to review the framework of the legal system and the status of the statuse of global regulations related to environmental rights, with a focuse on the measures and requirements related to commercial and market activities. The aim is to analyze these issues within developing countries and provide insights for those in the early stages of creating and implementing such regulations.Methods: This article was written using a combination of printed materials, e-books and academic articles, employing a descriptive-explanatory approach.Results: In today's world, the environmental preservation has been effectively pursued in some countries through the establishment of laws and regulations. Key sources for legal protection and preservation of the environment include international laws and treaties, constitutional guidelines, laws approved by the European Union Parliament, regulations of regulatory organizations, and court rulings.Conclusion: Legislators should pursue sustainable development by predicting and impose taxes on environmental polluters, not extending or revoking licenses for destructive industries, establish and enforce regulations related to environmental protection responsibility. Additionally, incentive measures such as exemption for those who contribute to a clean environment could be effective. Environmental insurance, as a policy adopted by the European Union, is also for security of industries at risk at environmental pollution.
Original Article
Law and Forensic Medicine
Mohammad Reza Elahimanesh; Javad Alizadeh
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 131-146
Abstract
Background and Objective: "Euthanasia" is one of the most controversial issues "Bioethics" and a sibnificant topic in health law, with various ethical, legal and jurisprudential aspect to be studied. Since the teachings and sources of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of our country's, strengthening ...
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Background and Objective: "Euthanasia" is one of the most controversial issues "Bioethics" and a sibnificant topic in health law, with various ethical, legal and jurisprudential aspect to be studied. Since the teachings and sources of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of our country's, strengthening the jurisprudential aspect can legal structure.Methods: In this article, a comprehensive definition of euthanasia is provided. Along with an exploration of its types and an overview of prominent Shia jurists viewpoints, wich are considered significant in their own right. Additionally, relevant verses and traditions are utilized to interpret and justify the aforementioned rulings.Results: In Iran, the legal vacuum regarding euthanasia is quite noticeable, since Shia jurisprudence forms the basis of the legal structure of our country, it is essential for jurists, and respected legislators. To address this legal gap and establish comprehensive laws that clearly address euthanasia and its various aspects, it’s necessary to develop and implement such legislation.Conclusion: Examining euthanasia from the perspective mandatory ruling (permissibility or non-permissibility) and its status ruling (right to retribution and dowry), is one of the topics of interest in this article. The examination is accompanied by jurisprudential and philosophical justification and interpretation. In addition, Article 206 of the Islamic Penal Code has also been carefully examined in this regard. Finally, by presenting the views of Shiite scholars on various aspects of euthanasia, a general summary is provided, which is hoped to clarify the issue and elucidate the jurisprudence and laws, considering the current conditions.
Original Article
New Technologies Health and Law
Babak Sabet; Mahdi Saidian; Shirin Khalili
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 147-162
Abstract
Background and Objective: Today, with the extensive progress of information technology, its role in the health sector has become more important than ever before. However, these applications create new challenges for privacy. As a result, governments are trying to take various measures, including passing ...
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Background and Objective: Today, with the extensive progress of information technology, its role in the health sector has become more important than ever before. However, these applications create new challenges for privacy. As a result, governments are trying to take various measures, including passing criminal legislation, to address these challenges.Methods: In this article, by comparing the criminal requirements of electronic health files in leading countries and Iran, by presenting a strategic model in this regard, suggestions have been made to improve the security and confidentiality of electronic health files.Results: This comparative article examines electronic health records with a particular focuse on confidentiality in Europe, America and Iran from a criminal law perspective. Due a absence of comprehensive law specifically addressing "electronic health" and judicial procedures in Iran, related legislation such as the Islamic Penal Code, the Electronic Commerce Law, the Computer Crimes Law and the laws supporting the comprehensive health information system are addressed.Conclusion: Different countries adopt various approaches to the protection of personal health data. European Union countries on individual rights and freedoms. In contrast, the United States is seeking to implement tougher penalties to is looking for the approval of tougher punishments to deal with such crimes. Iran is working to establish legal protection for privacy and personal information through a ten-year program, utilizing legislative model from leading conteies with comidering Islamic Jurisprudence and cultural contexts. Considering the extensive and rapid growth of the field of electronic health, it is necessary to adopt a specialized legislative approach for this area.
Review Article
New Technologies Health and Law
Maryam Bahrkazemi; Amireza Mahmudi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 163-177
Abstract
Background and Objective: According to the ever-increasing advances in the field of artificial intelligence, this technology can have positive and negative effects on health rights and healthcare. Artificial intelligence may create challenges and gaps in the field of violation of patients' privacy, violation ...
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Background and Objective: According to the ever-increasing advances in the field of artificial intelligence, this technology can have positive and negative effects on health rights and healthcare. Artificial intelligence may create challenges and gaps in the field of violation of patients' privacy, violation of doctor's credibility, which leads to disregard for human rights and negative effects on the relationship between doctor and patient. One of the most important goals of research on the impact of artificial intelligence on healthcare services is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of healthcare systems based on artificial intelligence.Methods: This is a theoretical research with analytical-descriptive research method which is the method of collecting information in library form.Results: In this research, we will identify and analyze the challenges in the use of artificial intelligence in the field of health, and also provide appropriate solutions to protect human rights and improve health and treatment services, and better understand the effects of artificial intelligence on the efficiency of health systems and We provide treatment.Conclusion: This technology can significantly improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis, increase access to health services and improve the quality of medical care. But at the same time, there are also ethical, legal, and privacy concerns that need to be properly investigated and carried out using artificial intelligence in the field of health.
