Review Article
Health Sciences Law and Education
Shahriar Eslamitabar
Abstract
Background and Objective: This study builds on the benefits of national and international experiences and their evolution as a new academic discipline. The right to health is one of the aspects of human rights, the realization of which is essential for the realization of other human rights and is inextricably ...
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Background and Objective: This study builds on the benefits of national and international experiences and their evolution as a new academic discipline. The right to health is one of the aspects of human rights, the realization of which is essential for the realization of other human rights and is inextricably linked to the right to life. Given the complexity and development of the relationship between health and rights at the national and international levels, it is necessary to have an overview of this old branch of law, which is today a new academic discipline. Health rights can be examined from different perspectives: bioethics, public health rights, and health care rights. The first is related to ethics, and the second and third are legal approaches to the subject. The right of individuals to determine their own destiny and the right to health are the main issues in these legal approaches.Findings: This study was prepared by reviewing books, collections of articles, laws and regulations related to the legal system of policy-making, management, and supervision in the health system, Right to Health, Public Health Law, Healthcare Law, and Bioethics.Conclusion: The ultimate goal of health rights is to ensure access to all elements of the right to health, including the rights of individuals and populations, especially vulnerable populations. Their legal responsibility is generally at the center of attention in health rights. According to national and international laws, government institutions have a legal responsibility to provide health care, protect health and promote it. These matters include issues related to health care rights, including privacy and confidentiality, legal liability of health care professionals, fraud and financial abuse, as well as food and drug rights, environmental rights, mental health rights and the health rights of vulnerable populations.
Original Article
Health Sciences Law and Education
Naser Ostad; Arash Abdi; Yaser Zandishafag
Abstract
Background and Objective: The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronic communications has led to significant changes in scientific, practical, and applied fields, including educational and medical services. Smart medical universities and smart hospitals are considered to be one ...
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Background and Objective: The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronic communications has led to significant changes in scientific, practical, and applied fields, including educational and medical services. Smart medical universities and smart hospitals are considered to be one of these important advancements. Each of these new ideas has its own advantages and disadvantages.Methods: First, the literature of the article was reviewed using books, printed and online articles, then qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and an applied theory entitled “digital-human integration in the health system” was presented.Findings: Reduced educational costs, elimination of the need for physical training location, the possibility of using multimedia tools, flexibility in time and method of education, facilitated storage of materials, reducing travel time and costs, and accelerating interactive processes are among the benefits of virtual education. Improved access to services, better selection of centers and doctors, ease of hospitalization and services utilization, remote monitoring of patient status, and better support and assistance for service users are also considered benefits of virtual hospitals.Conclusion: Due to the complexity and sensitivity of some concepts and the hands-on nature of some medical science courses, it is not possible to provide education in this field only through virtual means. Therefore, blended learning, consisting of in-person and virtual classes, is recommended. In the field of medical sciences, which is a human-centered discipline with an emphasis on the interaction between doctors and paramedics and patients, it is better not to be limited to a virtual relationship that reinforces a sense of isolation.
Original Article
Mental Health Law and Behavioral Sciences
Roza Haghgoo; Sima Rasouli
Abstract
Background and Objective: Professionals from various medical and allied health professions have a special place in society in terms of trust-building. In order to maintain trust and proper communication with patients, these professionals are committed to the highest standards of sincerity, which are ...
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Background and Objective: Professionals from various medical and allied health professions have a special place in society in terms of trust-building. In order to maintain trust and proper communication with patients, these professionals are committed to the highest standards of sincerity, which are in fact the foundation of a successful relationship between these professionals and patients, gaining their trust and maintaining their peace of mind.Methods: In this regard, two questionnaires were completed by dentists and patients. Ultimately, the data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics.Findings: In this study, conducted with the participation of 39 dentists and 260 patients and using questionnaires and SPSS 19 software, the level of patients' trust in dentists and the level of communication skills applied by dentists were assessed. The result showed that many patients trusted the medical advice of their dentists and did not seek second opinions. At the same time, most patients were confident in the confidentiality of their personal medical information.Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the communication skills of dentists at Shahid Mohammad Montazeri Clinic, in both verbal and non-verbal dimensions, were considered acceptable by patients. What is clear is that in order to create trust and peace of mind in patients, developing the verbal and non-verbal dimension in relation to health professionals and patients will lead to increased and enhanced service quality and patient satisfaction.
Original Article
The right to health and bioethics
Ansieh Zarenejad; Fatemeh Anvar; Maryam Haji
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: In this article, the impact of sanctions on Iran and other countries is compared and solutions are suggested to reduce the negative effects of sanctions on Iran's economy and health. Also, the best model for dealing with sanctions for Iran's health system was presented.Results: The imposed sanctions are purely economic and based on putting pressure on the governments, but what happened in reality is the violation of the principles of human rights in the countries under sanctions. The severity of these anti-human rights effects is closely related, especially with the duration of sanctions, as well as with the economic foundation of the target country.Conclusion: Iran is not the first country to be sanctioned; Therefore, the adverse effects of sanctions on the people of this country were predictable by the Security Council and the countries that imposed the sanctions. In the future, before applying any economic sanctions, the international community must take effective measures to protect the human rights of the people of the target country. Also, use any political and legal means to prevent the violation of the rights of these people by other countries or international organizations.
Original Article
Law and Forensic Medicine
Abdul Hassan Kazemi; Ali Eslamifar; Mohsen Saberi Isfeedvajani
Abstract
Background and Objective: One of the stages of approval a drug or treatment method as a standard product or method in legal centers is clinical trial involving human samples. Since the efficacy of the tested drugs and treatments have not been proven yet, individual participating in these trials face ...
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Background and Objective: One of the stages of approval a drug or treatment method as a standard product or method in legal centers is clinical trial involving human samples. Since the efficacy of the tested drugs and treatments have not been proven yet, individual participating in these trials face inherent risks. therefore, ethics and law demand the protection for these people and the prevention of risks and the compensation for damages resulting from adverse events.Methods: In this article, the ethical and legal issues of therapeutic and non-therapeutic clinical trials are investigated and the model of the best method for conducting clinical trials from an ethical perspective is presented.Results: Biomedical researches are conducted in different methods and clinical trials on human samples face the most ethical and legal issues and challenges. Among the most important challenges are unacceptable risks to the participants, obtaining informed consent, especially for individuals without mental capacity and children, negligence and negligence of researchers and compensation for possible damages to the participants.Conclusion: By modeling to the regulations related to clinical trials on human samples in EU member countries, including England, not only the right to freedom and individual independence of humans is respected; Rather, the lives and health of the participants are also safegaurded. This dual focus is also emphasized in Islamic jurisprudence. The legal issues of the use of specific populations such as prisoners, children, patients and cognitively impaired adults has not escaped the attention of legislators in leading countries.
Original Article
Healthcare Law
Bahram Mofid; Mehdi Dostdary; Abbas Karimi Mojarad
Abstract
Background and Objective: Industrial living conditions, the increase in the elderly population, and the occurrence of chronic and incurable diseases have led patients to use complementary and alternative medicine drugs and methods, including biofield-based or aura-based methods. These methods do not ...
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Background and Objective: Industrial living conditions, the increase in the elderly population, and the occurrence of chronic and incurable diseases have led patients to use complementary and alternative medicine drugs and methods, including biofield-based or aura-based methods. These methods do not have the risks and side effects of chemical drugs and the high cost of common modern medical treatments. In order to be used optimally, this ancient medicine requires legal control and supervision to prevent financial exploitation and fraud, as well as negligence of therapists.Methods: Regulatory methods and laws for complementary and alternative medicine in the world were reviewed, and the best regulatory methods and laws for complementary medicine in Iran were presented. Findings: The sanctions imposed are purely economic and based on putting pressure on governments, but what has actually happened is the violation of human rights principles in the countries under sanctions. The severity of these anti-human rights effects is closely related, especially to the continuation of the sanctions, as well as to the economic strength of the target country.Conclusion: Iran is not the first country to be sanctioned; therefore, the adverse consequences of sanctions on the people of this country were foreseeable by the Security Council and the countries that imposed the sanctions. In the future, before imposing any economic sanctions, the international community should take effective measures to protect the human rights of the people of the target country and use every political and legal means to prevent violations of these rights by other countries or international organizations. What is certain is that sanctions are implemented to prevent countries from violating laws. Of course, some sanctions are implemented under false pretenses and to create dependence and submission of governments. But certainly, every sanction requires laws so that human rights, and especially the health of the society under sanctions, are not violated. Therefore, international organizations in this field must act independently in this regard, and government institutions must take appropriate measures to implement laws protecting human rights and remove sanctions from this issue.
Original Article
Sociology and Political Science in Health Law
Abbas Vosoogh-Moghaddam; Seyed Sahand Eisapoor; Hassan Kakui
Abstract
Background and Objective: In order to pursue international policies related to the realization of the four dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, states have three obligations: the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect, and the obligation to implement. Also, states ...
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Background and Objective: In order to pursue international policies related to the realization of the four dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, states have three obligations: the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect, and the obligation to implement. Also, states are required to take measures, one of which is to assess the extent to which different dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, are realized.Methods: This article was prepared using documents and memoranda of understanding and information from the National Institute of Health Research, books, and scientific articles. Then, efficient methods of policy-making and management of the right to health were presented using an analytical and comparative method.Findings: In general, evaluation indicators are divided into two main types: general and specific indicators. Also, each indicator must have the characteristics of transparency, accuracy, comprehensiveness, validity, and relevance to the subject under evaluation.Conclusion: There are serious concerns regarding the assessment of quality indicators, data collection, harmonization of information from different sources and their integration, as well as the lack of information, due to the overlap and interference of the indicators presented in some areas related to the assessment of the right to health. Also, the national health indicators that have been used in the Islamic Republic of Iran appear to have some flaws. Therefore, by comparing domestic and international indicators, a composite index that links different dimensions and approaches can be achieved.
Original Article
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic System Law
Abbas Kebriaeezadeh; Vahideh Montazeri; Roya Ayazi-Nasrabadi
Abstract
Background and Objective: According to the principles of the right to health, easy and timely access to quality medicines is one of the fundamental and essential rights of all human beings. Therefore, these medicines should be made available to people in need at the right time and in sufficient quantities.Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: According to the principles of the right to health, easy and timely access to quality medicines is one of the fundamental and essential rights of all human beings. Therefore, these medicines should be made available to people in need at the right time and in sufficient quantities.Methods: This article was prepared using the documents and criteria available in the Food and Drug Organization of Iran and the World Health Organization (WHO), and it was expressed analytically by comparing and contrasting them.Findings: From the perspective of the World Health Organization, access to essential medicines as a minimum right is considered one of the core indicators of the right to health. This issue has been considered by some countries, especially poor and less developed countries, based on its affordability. Due to the vital importance of these medicines, the World Health Organization publishes a list of essential medicines every year, taking into account the minimum needs, on a biennial basis.Conclusion: Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken substantial measures to meet the pharmaceutical needs of its citizens through legal supervision of drug prices and markets, especially drug imports, and the implementation of the generic plan, no serious work has been done to prepare a list of essential medicines. However, given the progress in this field and the country's relative self-sufficiency, it does not seem necessary to prepare a domestic list in line with the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines. Each country compiles its own independent list of essential medicines based on its production capacity and needs. Accordingly, governments should prepare and supply (produce or import) the list of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization list, climatic conditions, production capacity, and domestic to ensure equitable access to essential drugs is provided to all segments of society.
Original Article
Environmental Law and Occupational Health
Jalil Maleki; Ehsan Lame; Farzad chghamirza; Najibeh Mirani
Abstract
Background and Objective: The environment is essential for the survival of human lif; therefore, it must be protected against any possible pollution, misuse, and overexploitation. The main objective of this article is to examine the framework of the legal system and the status of regulations related ...
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Background and Objective: The environment is essential for the survival of human lif; therefore, it must be protected against any possible pollution, misuse, and overexploitation. The main objective of this article is to examine the framework of the legal system and the status of regulations related to environmental law in the world, emphasizing the measures and requirements of commercial and market activities. In a way that can provide a model for both developing and developed countries that are at the beginning of the process of formulating and implementing such regulations.Methods: This article is based on reviewing international environmental laws and academic literature. A model for better implementation of these laws in Iran has also been presented.Findings: In today's world, environmental protection is considered a very important issue, and in some countries, it is being effectively pursued through the establishment of laws and regulations. The primary sources of legal protection and protection of the environment include international laws and treaties, including constitutional directives, laws approved by the European Union Parliament, regulations of regulatory organizations,and decisions and judicial decisions.Conclusion: The legislator should pursue sustainable development by anticipating and implementing taxes on environmental polluters, refusing to renew orrevoke the licenses of destructive industries, and developing and implementing regulations related to environmental protection responsibility. Also, adopting incentive measures such as exemption from government taxes for individuals and companies that somehow contribute to a clean environment can be effective. In the meantime, environmental insurance is being pursued seriously as a policy choice of the European Union in order to ensure the security of industries that are somehow exposed to the risk of environmental pollution. In addition, environmental protection is one of the vital aspects in the field of health law. In order to achieve health as a primary pillar of human rights, human beings need to live in healthy and clean environmental conditions. Therefore, governments are obliged to fulfill their duty to society by formulating laws related to the environment and protecting it.
Original Article
Law and Forensic Medicine
Mohammad Reza Elahimanesh; Javad Alizadeh
Abstract
Background and Objective: Euthanasia is one of the most controversial issues in bioethics and an important topic in health law, which can be studied from its various ethical, legal, and jurisprudential dimensions. Since the teachings and sources of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of the legal ...
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Background and Objective: Euthanasia is one of the most controversial issues in bioethics and an important topic in health law, which can be studied from its various ethical, legal, and jurisprudential dimensions. Since the teachings and sources of Islamic jurisprudence form the foundation of the legal structure our country, strengthening the jurisprudential aspect can greatly help strengthen the legal and regulatory aspects of this issue. Methods: In this article, the views of some prominent Shiite jurists are expressed, and the interpretation and analysis of euthanasia rulings and laws are examined by reviewing verses, narrations, and international laws.Findings: In Iran, the legal vacuum regarding euthanasia is quite noticeable, and since Shiite jurisprudence forms the foundation of our country's legal structure, it is essential for respected jurists, lawyers, and legislators to engage in further discussion and exchange of views on this issue to pave the way for eliminating this legal vacuum and achieving explicit laws in this regard.Conclusion: The study of euthanasia from the perspective of its mandatory ruling (permissibility or non-permissibility) and its conditional ruling (right of retribution and blood money) is among the topics addressed in this article, which is accompanied by jurisprudential and philosophical justification and interpretation. In addition, the ruling of Article 206 of the Islamic Penal Code has also been carefully examined in this regard. Finally, while presenting the views of Shiite scholars on various aspects of euthanasia, a general conclusion is presented, which is hoped to be a step towards clarifying the issue and explaining jurisprudential rulings and laws, considering current conditions. Euthanasia should be further examined from legal, ethical, and jurisprudential perspectives, and attention should be paid to the human aspect, pain caused by the disease, the costs of patient care, and the right to human freedom, and decisions should be made based on these.
Original Article
New Technologies Health and Law
Babak Sabet; Mahdi Saidian; Pardis Ghanavati
Abstract
Background and Objective: Today, with the extensive progress of information technology, its role in the health sector has become more important than ever before. However, these applications create new challenges for privacy. As a result, governments are trying to take various measures, including passing ...
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Background and Objective: Today, with the extensive progress of information technology, its role in the health sector has become more important than ever before. However, these applications create new challenges for privacy. As a result, governments are trying to take various measures, including passing criminal legislation, to address these challenges.Methods: In this article, by comparing the criminal requirements of electronic health files in leading countries and Iran, by presenting a strategic model in this regard, suggestions have been made to improve the security and confidentiality of electronic health files.Results: This comparative article examines electronic health records with a particular focuse on confidentiality in Europe, America and Iran from a criminal law perspective. Due a absence of comprehensive law specifically addressing "electronic health" and judicial procedures in Iran, related legislation such as the Islamic Penal Code, the Electronic Commerce Law, the Computer Crimes Law and the laws supporting the comprehensive health information system are addressed.Conclusion: Different countries adopt various approaches to the protection of personal health data. European Union countries on individual rights and freedoms. In contrast, the United States is seeking to implement tougher penalties to is looking for the approval of tougher punishments to deal with such crimes. Iran is working to establish legal protection for privacy and personal information through a ten-year program, utilizing legislative model from leading conteies with comidering Islamic Jurisprudence and cultural contexts. Considering the extensive and rapid growth of the field of electronic health, it is necessary to adopt a specialized legislative approach for this area.
Review Article
New Technologies Health and Law
Mehdi Moazzami Goudarzi
Abstract
Background and Objective: Cosmetovigilance is a recent concept. The term itself has just been indexed. It is a form of health public surveillance with a public health objective; it therefore differs from the surveillance carried out by industrialists, who aim at the safety of the product for commercial ...
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Background and Objective: Cosmetovigilance is a recent concept. The term itself has just been indexed. It is a form of health public surveillance with a public health objective; it therefore differs from the surveillance carried out by industrialists, who aim at the safety of the product for commercial purposes, and differs from peer surveillance whose purpose is medical. Cosmetovigilance concerns cosmetic products. The 2006 European resolution has laid the ground work for a cosmetovigillance system based on case notifications. As of 2013, the new European regulation requires that serious undesirable effects reported to the competent authority should be transmitted to the competent authorities of the other Member States and to the person responsible for the cosmetic product. Two problems are yet to be solved: causality assessment and reporting categories. Methods: This applied research, conducted with an analytical-comparative approach, examines and compares the cosmetovigilance systems in Iran and the European Union from legal and executive perspectives. Data were collected through library and documentary studies and then extracted and compared using qualitative content analysis of key indicators. The temporal scope of the research extends from the implementation of European Regulation 1223/2009 to 2025, and the geographical scope includes Iran and the member states of the European Union.Conlusion: Cosmetovigilance systems are genuine means of obtaining information on the safety of cosmetic products and their ingredients. They can be used by Europe to check that new directives ensure a high level of safety. Cosmetovigilance makes it possible to rule out or control potentially hazardous ingredients and can thus set our minds at ease about the products placed on the market. Until now, there is no act to design and establish local cosmetovigillance system from the side of official authority in IRAN.
