Original Article
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
Shahriar eslamitabar
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 1-16
Abstract
Background and Objective: Goods and services represent the two primary outputs of industry and economy, and ensuring their quality, safety and efficiency requires monitoring the production and supply processes. Given the critical importance of the health sector, this monitoring must be carried out accurately ...
Read More
Background and Objective: Goods and services represent the two primary outputs of industry and economy, and ensuring their quality, safety and efficiency requires monitoring the production and supply processes. Given the critical importance of the health sector, this monitoring must be carried out accurately and in accordance with scientific standards; not only is an organizational duty, but also is a sovereign responsibility that would be applied by the governments as the custodians of public health.Methods: First, the literature of the article was reviewed using e-books, and articles, then the qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and a practical model was presented.Results: Oversight of health services occurs in two general forms: 1- Supervision of service provider centers; 2- Supervision of specialists. Supervision of health products and goods is conducted by regulatory affairs specialists within each manufacturing company. The main regulatory body is the Food and Drug Administration of each country. The oversight and control utilize special tools such as providing guidelines and instructions, conducting inspections and enforcing regulations.Conclusion: Supervision should be done continuously in order to ensure the quality and safety of health goods and products. The services and goods possess fundamentally distinct natures. Firstly, services are not tangible to be fully observable and secondly, they are usually produced and delivered at the same time. Aboate the goods, monitoring is done continuously before and after entering the market by skilled experts, in order to prevent the entry of counterfeit and substandard products into the consumer market.
Original Article
Religious and Spiritual Rights in Health
Asghar Arabian; Mohammadreza Alipour; Maryam Haidari
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 17-30
Abstract
Background and Objective: Health is known as one of the main pillars of development and one of human rights. Therefore, governments are obliged to realize the right to health of their citizens. Judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms sieve as important avenves for individual to pursue this right, and ...
Read More
Background and Objective: Health is known as one of the main pillars of development and one of human rights. Therefore, governments are obliged to realize the right to health of their citizens. Judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms sieve as important avenves for individual to pursue this right, and their incorporation into legal framework is essential. The involvement of experts in health and criminal sciences.Methods: With scientific methods, the analysis and recognition of the right to health in national and international law has been done and provide practical solutions to help improve the monitoring and handling of the violation of the right to health in Iran.Results: Based on international documents, all the governments are committed to the health rights of their citizens. Therefore, the governments put cases of violations of this right under judicial review at two levels: Violation of the right to health by 1- Healthcare professionals, 2- The government; Therefore, both of them are responsibl.Conclusion: Success in judicial and quasi-judicial processes depends on the implementation of international obligations related to the right to health by governments. The right to health should be the first priority of the laws of the countries; And among other things, it should be accurately and clearly considered in the constitution, and it should be linked with the more fundamental right to life. However, achiving this right presents significant challenges, such as broad scope of health rights, the need for clear definitions of their limits, insufficient expertise among profesionals involved, inadequate judicial evaluations, and funding limitations.
Review Article
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
Shahriar eslamitabar
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 31-41
Abstract
Background: good governance includes decision-making and implementation of important decisions, which are used in order to improve the efficiency of systems and different areas while promoting human rights. The elements and framework of governance have been seriously pursued by international institutions ...
Read More
Background: good governance includes decision-making and implementation of important decisions, which are used in order to improve the efficiency of systems and different areas while promoting human rights. The elements and framework of governance have been seriously pursued by international institutions as a development tool in various fields, including health, in recent decades. Good governance can be achieved by emphasizing and paying attention to the principles of transparency, accountability, accountability, rule of law, participation, justice, efficiency and productivity, continuity and stability, frost and information and ethics. The principles of this governance, especially transparency, if implemented well, will also reduce administrative corruption. In the field of health, good governance improves the performance of the health system and, as a result, maintains and further improves the health of the society.Conclusion: With the movement towards globalization, the necessity of a single standards of good governance all over the world in order to strengthen the responsibility of governments is felt more and more. This standard is aimed at improving productivity with the secondary goals of fighting corruption, clarifying and realizing a healthy administrative system in the health sector. However, due to cultural and religious reasons, the realization of this world-inclusive standard in political and civil matters always faces serious resistance.
Original Article
Economic Law and, Financial Health
Seyyed Babak Mozafari; Mahdi Saeedian; Shirin Khalili
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 43-55
Abstract
Background and Objective: Considering the complexity and development of the relationship between health care professionals and patients on the internet at the national and international levels, it is necessary for us to know of this new technology.Methods: This article has been written using the books ...
Read More
Background and Objective: Considering the complexity and development of the relationship between health care professionals and patients on the internet at the national and international levels, it is necessary for us to know of this new technology.Methods: This article has been written using the books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory way.Results: The ever-increasing growth of the communication, telecommunication and informatics industries confronts the world with a new revolution every day. The revolution of information and communication technology has left a significant impact on all economic, social, political and security sectors of the countries. With the development of this technology in the medical sector, we are looking for a huge transformation in the system of providing health and medical services, and one of the most important areas of application of information technology is the field of health and treatment.Conclusion: Electronic health refers to the use of the internet and other technologies in the health care industry. Electronic health is a combination of informatics, health and business disciplines and refers to health information and services that are provided through the Internet and digital technologies. In this system, healthcare service providers and patients are not in face-to-face contact, and the communication between them is done by electronic devices, for example by computer.
Original Article
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
mehdi sanei; salar shahbazi; Najibeh Mirani
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 57-66
Abstract
Background and purpose: Considering the advantages of biological weapons, such as cheap production, easier use, high efficiency, very high emission power, dual purpose use and the ability to hide the idea of illegal activity, we see a significant increase in the production, development and possibility ...
Read More
Background and purpose: Considering the advantages of biological weapons, such as cheap production, easier use, high efficiency, very high emission power, dual purpose use and the ability to hide the idea of illegal activity, we see a significant increase in the production, development and possibility of using these deadly weapons. Therefore, it is necessary to deal seriously with the phenomenon of bioterrorism, especially through legislative measures.Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles in a descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: "Bioterrorism" means: the deliberate release or release of viruses, bacteria and other pathogenic agents, with the intention of causing disease or death among human, animal and plant populations.Since bioterrorism is considered a global threat, important international treaties such as the Geneva Protocol and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development of Biological Weapons have been signed by most of the governments, but the problems and deficiencies in the text of these treaties and the lack of necessary enforcement guarantees cause It has provided for repeated violations of the provisions of these treaties. The implementation problems related to the way of inspections and the biased and discriminatory approach of some countries have also become the reason for the fact that today more than in the past, we are witnessing deadly bioterrorist attacks in every corner of the world.Conclusion: Currently, countries such as the United States, which are highly exposed to bioterrorism attacks, have developed and passed national laws to deal with the sinister phenomenon of bioterrorism, and this is while the Islamic Republic of Iran only The microbial comprehensive plan, which is a general plan, is enough and has not taken any urgent action to protect public health from the scourge of this ominous phenomenon.
Original Article
Food and Agricultural Industry Law
Rahim RahbarNouhi; Mohammad Reza Dehghani
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 67-85
Abstract
Background and Objective: Marinol is actually the first cannabinoid drug approved by the US FDA in 1985. The approved use of this drug in reducing the side effects caused by chemotherapy of cancer patients such as anorexia, nausea, pain and vomiting, as well as its use in the treatment of weight loss ...
Read More
Background and Objective: Marinol is actually the first cannabinoid drug approved by the US FDA in 1985. The approved use of this drug in reducing the side effects caused by chemotherapy of cancer patients such as anorexia, nausea, pain and vomiting, as well as its use in the treatment of weight loss in AIDS patients has also been approved in 1992.Methods: In this article, while referring to a summary of the history of medicinal cannabis, we review Marinol. Also, investigation and understanding of how herbal cannabinoids helps the endocannabinoid system, which is responsible for the health balance (Homeostasis) of the body, has been taken into consideration. In this work, the necessary operations have been carried out, from seed germination to the preparation of medicine (vegetable Marinol) and the preparation of capsules. Monitoring and analysis of cannabinoids was done by a gas chromatography device connected to a mass spectrometer (GC/Mass Spectroscopy).Results: The efficiency of the resin in the flower was 38%, which was obtained at the optimum point of 97.5% of THC and 2.5% of cannabinoids, and the main part was cannabinol, and thus the percentage of the effective substance in the plant was 37.05%. After dissolving the solvent at room temperature, we will dissolve the obtained resin in sesame oil and in this way, we will be able to encapsulate different doses of vegetable Marinol.Conclusion: The idea of using plant Marinol (cannabis flower extract (resin)) with high THC in pure sesame oil instead of synthetic dronabinol (chemical cannabinol) can be derived from less side effects, higher therapeutic effect, less persistence in the body and cheaper price. It is related to the chemical type of this drug.
Review Article
New Technologies Health and Law
Shahriar eslamitabar; MAHDI SAEIDIAN
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 87-105
Abstract
Context and Purpose: France is known as the cradle of law and law. French e-Health in the field of health care have been compiled and approved based on the pillars and elements of the right to health introduced by the main international institutions of human rights and the World Health Organization and ...
Read More
Context and Purpose: France is known as the cradle of law and law. French e-Health in the field of health care have been compiled and approved based on the pillars and elements of the right to health introduced by the main international institutions of human rights and the World Health Organization and according to the conditions and possibilities of the day. This field of new French laws with emphasis on electronic health can be a good model for the Islamic Republic of Iran in developing the aforementioned laws and regulations.Research Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: The basics of health care law in of France, like any other country, include; The legal control of health care professionals is informed consent to treatment, negligence, error and confidentiality of personal information, which, although it has many similarities with the general trend of the world, is unique in its own way. The role of French public health law is also important in this regard. On the other hand, due to the fact that the right to independence and individual freedom is highly respected in France, an implicit or explicit contract between the mentioned specialists and the patient referred to them, in the form of civil rights and contract laws of France, is carefully considered. The legislator's attention has been drawn. From the beginning, these contracts will be accompanied by legal liability related to negligence and possible negligence.Conclusion: Due to the close cooperation of European countries in the form of the European Parliament, important legal issues have been raised and resolved in the form of French and European Union laws and regulations in medicine and health care, including; Confidentiality of electronic health files, considering the nature of these types of files and the possible access of various people to it, the area of authorized activity of specialists and the issuance of licenses, the jurisdiction dealing with possible violations, liability for negligence and errors and technical defects of telemedicine equipment. is, which has been legislated in all subjects according to the needs and conditions of the day.
Original Article
Economic Law and, Financial Health
seyyed mohammad ali mirbehbehani; morteza meftahi
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 107-118
Abstract
Background and purpose: Perhaps the most important part of health is medicine. A access to Pharmaceutical Products is considered one of the pillars of human rights. This directly affects the right to health and the right to life. Considering that high-cost and highly effective pharmaceutical products ...
Read More
Background and purpose: Perhaps the most important part of health is medicine. A access to Pharmaceutical Products is considered one of the pillars of human rights. This directly affects the right to health and the right to life. Considering that high-cost and highly effective pharmaceutical products account for a huge share of household expenses, in order to ensure relative justice in access, appropriate price determination and optimal price control methods are required.Research Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: Determining the price ceiling is the first step in controlling the price of pharmaceutical products, which is determined based on considerations such as cost, benefits, risks of using drugs, or market conditions. Sometimes governments do not consider any of these requirements in order to follow the free market policy. According to the nature of drugs, these controls are carried out in three categories: brand, generic and imported drugs, although some drugs may be included in the combined category. Due to the high cost and the importance of innovation, price control of brand products is more important and complicated.Conclusion: Determining the price ceiling and fighting against overselling in order to support production and innovation with the aim of supporting the consumer are necessary as ways to determine and control drug prices. For this purpose, the fight against price gouging regarding imported products is done in support of domestic production. Compulsory licensing is also another good way to control the price of branded pharmaceutical products.
Original Article
Environmental Law and Occupational Health
Ali Darvishi Boloorani; Yaser Zandi Shafagh
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 119-135
Abstract
Background and Objective: The entanglement and link between the environment and human health is very deep and complex, therefore, increasing awareness and comprehensive investigation is required. Pursuing a preventive approach over a reactive approach can prevent the occurrence of many environmental ...
Read More
Background and Objective: The entanglement and link between the environment and human health is very deep and complex, therefore, increasing awareness and comprehensive investigation is required. Pursuing a preventive approach over a reactive approach can prevent the occurrence of many environmental and health problems, if they occur, reduce the consequences to a minimum.Methods: This article has been prepared in a descriptive-explanatory method, using thee paper and e-books and articles and document.Results: The destructive effects of human activities on the environment and the subsequent feedback of those consequences, especially in the field of health, which has plagued mankind, are known in most cases and even predictions have been made for them. Now it is necessary to determine what works and activities humans should do that not only do not have destructive and bad effects on the environment, but can also reduce the negative effects of the past destructive activities and in the shadow of intractive activities, human health can be provided and preserved as much as possible.Conclusion: In this article, due to maintaining the integrity of the content and achieving the result, only three main factors that have a direct cause and effect relationship between human activities and its impact on the environment are considered in the presented model. However, due to the existential nature of humans and the environment, which are both living and dynamic beings, it is not possible to consider only a linear and direct relationship.
Original Article
Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
Mehdi Moazzami goudarzi; seyed sahand eisapoor
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 137-156
Abstract
Background and Objective: To ensure safety, now a day, cosmetic products as a part of prerequisites for health services has been regulated worldwide. Methods: This study has been designed based on comparison between main regulations within some huge markets of manufacturing and consumption of cosmetics ...
Read More
Background and Objective: To ensure safety, now a day, cosmetic products as a part of prerequisites for health services has been regulated worldwide. Methods: This study has been designed based on comparison between main regulations within some huge markets of manufacturing and consumption of cosmetics around the world. Then the comparison has been analyzed. Results: On the other hand, however the basis of authorities’ systems to regulate cosmetics are fundamentally same and follow some equal scientific lines, by the way there are some Meaningful differences in case of product definition and grouping.Conclusion: Lack of consensus in cosmetic regulation now a day easily affected innovation, research and development and international cosmetic trading. Unity of international procedures in regulation at the same time prepares ensure for products safety and facilitate for progressive innovation, research and development, competition and international trading.
Original Article
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic System Law
Shahriar eslamitabar
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 157-173
Abstract
Background and Objective: economic access to medicine and treatment is one of the most important dimensions of the right to health, which is considered one of the goals of national development in addition to international human rights. Achieving this important goal is possible by using correct and specific ...
Read More
Background and Objective: economic access to medicine and treatment is one of the most important dimensions of the right to health, which is considered one of the goals of national development in addition to international human rights. Achieving this important goal is possible by using correct and specific strategies such as pricing and compensation of costs through insurance.Methods: First, the literature of the article was reviewed using e-books, and articles, then the qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis and a practical model was presented.Results: Price control is done in two ways, direct and indirect. Determining the price and correcting it, it is the direct type, and compensation of costs through insurance is considered the indirect type. As the first control step, pricing strategies are followed based on two basic principles: 1- Value-based pricing, which is related to drug effects and drug cost, and includes the same requirements. 2- Price Classification based on the type and nature of the drug, including generic, under patent and imported.Conclusion: Since Iran has recently abandoned the Cost Plus method (determining the prices based on a percentage more than the total cost), it is necessary to constantly regulated the prices according to the current conditions, needs and the existence of similar drugs, but This action dose not seems correct in any situation and the necessary considerations regarding single-prescription drugs have not been taken into account. While advanced countries such as France and England include all drugs in the insurance coverage list based on their medicinal nature without special requirements and prerequisites, the budget of countries such as Iran does not allow such a thing.
Original Article
Healthcare Law
Mehdi Doostdari; Fatemeh Anvar
Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2025, Pages 175-187
Abstract
Background and Aims: Considering the necessity of integrating traditional medicine in modern academic medicine, it is necessary to evaluate and carefully consider the opportunities and challenges of complementary and alternative medicine in this integration, so that based on regulations and policy frameworks, ...
Read More
Background and Aims: Considering the necessity of integrating traditional medicine in modern academic medicine, it is necessary to evaluate and carefully consider the opportunities and challenges of complementary and alternative medicine in this integration, so that based on regulations and policy frameworks, Legal, ethical, regulatory, educational and research studies are necessary for each country or geographical area.Material & methods: This article was written using the books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory way.Results:Integrating complementary medicine with all patie medicine brings many opportunities and at the same time challenges. The most important challenges are legal and ethical challenges, regulation, formulation and implementation of the training program and attention to research-orientedness and validity of research, especially complementary medicine clinical research. Every medical field needs legislation, control and legal supervision from inside or outside the organization. In addition to guaranteeing the quality, efficiency and reducing the risk of using tools and methods, this work prevents any abuse and fraud. This issue is more important in the field of complementary medicine, where there is a great need for a relationship based on trust between the therapist and the patient.Conclusion: Integrating of traditional and complimentary medicine into conventional medicine, despite its many advantages, faces serious challenges that require appropriate stategies in the fields of law making, regulatory and quality control, education and research. In the legal field, it is necessary to have appropriate laws for the purpose of issuing employment licenses and clarifying the quality standards of specialists, including avoiding negligence and mistakes, and compensating for damages through increasing medical liability insurance coverage and ways to avoid legal liability, including acquiring Informed consent and privacy should be included in the rules. Regulation in both product and specialist sectors should be implemented carefully in terms of quality, safety and efficiency of products and methods
