Religious and Spiritual Rights in Health
Asghar Arabian; Mohammadreza Alipour; Maryam Haidari
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 17-30
Abstract
Background and Objective: Health is known as one of the main pillars of development and one of human rights. Therefore, governments are obliged to realize the right to health of their citizens. Judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms sieve as important avenves for individual to pursue this right, and ...
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Background and Objective: Health is known as one of the main pillars of development and one of human rights. Therefore, governments are obliged to realize the right to health of their citizens. Judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms sieve as important avenves for individual to pursue this right, and their incorporation into legal framework is essential. The involvement of experts in health and criminal sciences.Methods: With scientific methods, the analysis and recognition of the right to health in national and international law has been done and provide practical solutions to help improve the monitoring and handling of the violation of the right to health in Iran.Results: Based on international documents, all the governments are committed to the health rights of their citizens. Therefore, the governments put cases of violations of this right under judicial review at two levels: Violation of the right to health by 1- Healthcare professionals, 2- The government; Therefore, both of them are responsibl.Conclusion: Success in judicial and quasi-judicial processes depends on the implementation of international obligations related to the right to health by governments. The right to health should be the first priority of the laws of the countries; And among other things, it should be accurately and clearly considered in the constitution, and it should be linked with the more fundamental right to life. However, achiving this right presents significant challenges, such as broad scope of health rights, the need for clear definitions of their limits, insufficient expertise among profesionals involved, inadequate judicial evaluations, and funding limitations.
Economic Law and, Financial Health
Seyyed Babak Mozafari; Mahdi Saeedian; Shirin Khalili
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 43-55
Abstract
Background and Objective: Considering the complexity and development of the relationship between health care professionals and patients on the internet at the national and international levels, it is necessary for us to know of this new technology.Methods: This article has been written using the books ...
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Background and Objective: Considering the complexity and development of the relationship between health care professionals and patients on the internet at the national and international levels, it is necessary for us to know of this new technology.Methods: This article has been written using the books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory way.Results: The ever-increasing growth of the communication, telecommunication and informatics industries confronts the world with a new revolution every day. The revolution of information and communication technology has left a significant impact on all economic, social, political and security sectors of the countries. With the development of this technology in the medical sector, we are looking for a huge transformation in the system of providing health and medical services, and one of the most important areas of application of information technology is the field of health and treatment.Conclusion: Electronic health refers to the use of the internet and other technologies in the health care industry. Electronic health is a combination of informatics, health and business disciplines and refers to health information and services that are provided through the Internet and digital technologies. In this system, healthcare service providers and patients are not in face-to-face contact, and the communication between them is done by electronic devices, for example by computer.
New Technologies Health and Law
Shahriar eslamitabar; MAHDI SAEIDIAN
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 87-105
Abstract
Context and Purpose: France is known as the cradle of law and law. French e-Health in the field of health care have been compiled and approved based on the pillars and elements of the right to health introduced by the main international institutions of human rights and the World Health Organization and ...
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Context and Purpose: France is known as the cradle of law and law. French e-Health in the field of health care have been compiled and approved based on the pillars and elements of the right to health introduced by the main international institutions of human rights and the World Health Organization and according to the conditions and possibilities of the day. This field of new French laws with emphasis on electronic health can be a good model for the Islamic Republic of Iran in developing the aforementioned laws and regulations.Research Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles available in real and virtual libraries in a descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: The basics of health care law in of France, like any other country, include; The legal control of health care professionals is informed consent to treatment, negligence, error and confidentiality of personal information, which, although it has many similarities with the general trend of the world, is unique in its own way. The role of French public health law is also important in this regard. On the other hand, due to the fact that the right to independence and individual freedom is highly respected in France, an implicit or explicit contract between the mentioned specialists and the patient referred to them, in the form of civil rights and contract laws of France, is carefully considered. The legislator's attention has been drawn. From the beginning, these contracts will be accompanied by legal liability related to negligence and possible negligence.Conclusion: Due to the close cooperation of European countries in the form of the European Parliament, important legal issues have been raised and resolved in the form of French and European Union laws and regulations in medicine and health care, including; Confidentiality of electronic health files, considering the nature of these types of files and the possible access of various people to it, the area of authorized activity of specialists and the issuance of licenses, the jurisdiction dealing with possible violations, liability for negligence and errors and technical defects of telemedicine equipment. is, which has been legislated in all subjects according to the needs and conditions of the day.
Health Sciences Law and Education
Shahriar Eslamitabar
Abstract
Background and Objective: This study builds on the benefits of national and international experiences and their evolution as a new academic discipline. The right to health is one of the aspects of human rights, the realization of which is essential for the realization of other human rights and is inextricably ...
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Background and Objective: This study builds on the benefits of national and international experiences and their evolution as a new academic discipline. The right to health is one of the aspects of human rights, the realization of which is essential for the realization of other human rights and is inextricably linked to the right to life. Given the complexity and development of the relationship between health and rights at the national and international levels, it is necessary to have an overview of this old branch of law, which is today a new academic discipline. Health rights can be examined from different perspectives: bioethics, public health rights, and health care rights. The first is related to ethics, and the second and third are legal approaches to the subject. The right of individuals to determine their own destiny and the right to health are the main issues in these legal approaches.Findings: This study was prepared by reviewing books, collections of articles, laws and regulations related to the legal system of policy-making, management, and supervision in the health system, Right to Health, Public Health Law, Healthcare Law, and Bioethics.Conclusion: The ultimate goal of health rights is to ensure access to all elements of the right to health, including the rights of individuals and populations, especially vulnerable populations. Their legal responsibility is generally at the center of attention in health rights. According to national and international laws, government institutions have a legal responsibility to provide health care, protect health and promote it. These matters include issues related to health care rights, including privacy and confidentiality, legal liability of health care professionals, fraud and financial abuse, as well as food and drug rights, environmental rights, mental health rights and the health rights of vulnerable populations.
The right to health and bioethics
Ansieh Zarenejad; Fatemeh Anvar; Maryam Haji
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic sanctions have been increasingly used by major powers in the western block in order to achieve international political goals. Over the years, economic sanctions have caused violations of the right to health in the targeted countries.Methods: In this article, the impact of sanctions on Iran and other countries is compared and solutions are suggested to reduce the negative effects of sanctions on Iran's economy and health. Also, the best model for dealing with sanctions for Iran's health system was presented.Results: The imposed sanctions are purely economic and based on putting pressure on the governments, but what happened in reality is the violation of the principles of human rights in the countries under sanctions. The severity of these anti-human rights effects is closely related, especially with the duration of sanctions, as well as with the economic foundation of the target country.Conclusion: Iran is not the first country to be sanctioned; Therefore, the adverse effects of sanctions on the people of this country were predictable by the Security Council and the countries that imposed the sanctions. In the future, before applying any economic sanctions, the international community must take effective measures to protect the human rights of the people of the target country. Also, use any political and legal means to prevent the violation of the rights of these people by other countries or international organizations.
Sociology and Political Science in Health Law
Abbas Vosoogh-Moghaddam; Seyed Sahand Eisapoor; Hassan Kakui
Abstract
Background and Objective: In order to pursue international policies related to the realization of the four dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, states have three obligations: the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect, and the obligation to implement. Also, states ...
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Background and Objective: In order to pursue international policies related to the realization of the four dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, states have three obligations: the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect, and the obligation to implement. Also, states are required to take measures, one of which is to assess the extent to which different dimensions of human rights, including the right to health, are realized.Methods: This article was prepared using documents and memoranda of understanding and information from the National Institute of Health Research, books, and scientific articles. Then, efficient methods of policy-making and management of the right to health were presented using an analytical and comparative method.Findings: In general, evaluation indicators are divided into two main types: general and specific indicators. Also, each indicator must have the characteristics of transparency, accuracy, comprehensiveness, validity, and relevance to the subject under evaluation.Conclusion: There are serious concerns regarding the assessment of quality indicators, data collection, harmonization of information from different sources and their integration, as well as the lack of information, due to the overlap and interference of the indicators presented in some areas related to the assessment of the right to health. Also, the national health indicators that have been used in the Islamic Republic of Iran appear to have some flaws. Therefore, by comparing domestic and international indicators, a composite index that links different dimensions and approaches can be achieved.
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic System Law
Abbas Kebriaeezadeh; Vahideh Montazeri; Roya Ayazi-Nasrabadi
Abstract
Background and Objective: According to the principles of the right to health, easy and timely access to quality medicines is one of the fundamental and essential rights of all human beings. Therefore, these medicines should be made available to people in need at the right time and in sufficient quantities.Methods: ...
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Background and Objective: According to the principles of the right to health, easy and timely access to quality medicines is one of the fundamental and essential rights of all human beings. Therefore, these medicines should be made available to people in need at the right time and in sufficient quantities.Methods: This article was prepared using the documents and criteria available in the Food and Drug Organization of Iran and the World Health Organization (WHO), and it was expressed analytically by comparing and contrasting them.Findings: From the perspective of the World Health Organization, access to essential medicines as a minimum right is considered one of the core indicators of the right to health. This issue has been considered by some countries, especially poor and less developed countries, based on its affordability. Due to the vital importance of these medicines, the World Health Organization publishes a list of essential medicines every year, taking into account the minimum needs, on a biennial basis.Conclusion: Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has taken substantial measures to meet the pharmaceutical needs of its citizens through legal supervision of drug prices and markets, especially drug imports, and the implementation of the generic plan, no serious work has been done to prepare a list of essential medicines. However, given the progress in this field and the country's relative self-sufficiency, it does not seem necessary to prepare a domestic list in line with the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines. Each country compiles its own independent list of essential medicines based on its production capacity and needs. Accordingly, governments should prepare and supply (produce or import) the list of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization list, climatic conditions, production capacity, and domestic to ensure equitable access to essential drugs is provided to all segments of society.
