Law Policy Management,, and Regulation of Health
mehdi sanei; salar shahbazi; Najibeh Mirani
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 57-66
Abstract
Background and purpose: Considering the advantages of biological weapons, such as cheap production, easier use, high efficiency, very high emission power, dual purpose use and the ability to hide the idea of illegal activity, we see a significant increase in the production, development and possibility ...
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Background and purpose: Considering the advantages of biological weapons, such as cheap production, easier use, high efficiency, very high emission power, dual purpose use and the ability to hide the idea of illegal activity, we see a significant increase in the production, development and possibility of using these deadly weapons. Therefore, it is necessary to deal seriously with the phenomenon of bioterrorism, especially through legislative measures.Method: This article has been written using the paper and e-books and articles in a descriptive-explanatory method.Findings: "Bioterrorism" means: the deliberate release or release of viruses, bacteria and other pathogenic agents, with the intention of causing disease or death among human, animal and plant populations.Since bioterrorism is considered a global threat, important international treaties such as the Geneva Protocol and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development of Biological Weapons have been signed by most of the governments, but the problems and deficiencies in the text of these treaties and the lack of necessary enforcement guarantees cause It has provided for repeated violations of the provisions of these treaties. The implementation problems related to the way of inspections and the biased and discriminatory approach of some countries have also become the reason for the fact that today more than in the past, we are witnessing deadly bioterrorist attacks in every corner of the world.Conclusion: Currently, countries such as the United States, which are highly exposed to bioterrorism attacks, have developed and passed national laws to deal with the sinister phenomenon of bioterrorism, and this is while the Islamic Republic of Iran only The microbial comprehensive plan, which is a general plan, is enough and has not taken any urgent action to protect public health from the scourge of this ominous phenomenon.
Environmental Law and Occupational Health
Jalil Maleki; Ehsan Lame; Farzad chghamirza; Najibeh Mirani
Abstract
Background and Objective: The environment is essential for the survival of human lif; therefore, it must be protected against any possible pollution, misuse, and overexploitation. The main objective of this article is to examine the framework of the legal system and the status of regulations related ...
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Background and Objective: The environment is essential for the survival of human lif; therefore, it must be protected against any possible pollution, misuse, and overexploitation. The main objective of this article is to examine the framework of the legal system and the status of regulations related to environmental law in the world, emphasizing the measures and requirements of commercial and market activities. In a way that can provide a model for both developing and developed countries that are at the beginning of the process of formulating and implementing such regulations.Methods: This article is based on reviewing international environmental laws and academic literature. A model for better implementation of these laws in Iran has also been presented.Findings: In today's world, environmental protection is considered a very important issue, and in some countries, it is being effectively pursued through the establishment of laws and regulations. The primary sources of legal protection and protection of the environment include international laws and treaties, including constitutional directives, laws approved by the European Union Parliament, regulations of regulatory organizations,and decisions and judicial decisions.Conclusion: The legislator should pursue sustainable development by anticipating and implementing taxes on environmental polluters, refusing to renew orrevoke the licenses of destructive industries, and developing and implementing regulations related to environmental protection responsibility. Also, adopting incentive measures such as exemption from government taxes for individuals and companies that somehow contribute to a clean environment can be effective. In the meantime, environmental insurance is being pursued seriously as a policy choice of the European Union in order to ensure the security of industries that are somehow exposed to the risk of environmental pollution. In addition, environmental protection is one of the vital aspects in the field of health law. In order to achieve health as a primary pillar of human rights, human beings need to live in healthy and clean environmental conditions. Therefore, governments are obliged to fulfill their duty to society by formulating laws related to the environment and protecting it.
